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Pysch NUR 329 > Week 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Week 1 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of mental health?

A

State of well-being in which everyone can realize thier own potential, cope with the normal stress of life, work productively, and contribute to the community.

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2
Q

What does mental health provide people with?

A

Capacity for rational thinking, communication skills, learning, emotional growth, resilience, and self-esteem

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3
Q

What is considered emotional problems or concerns?

A

Mild to moderate distress
Mild or temporary impairment

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4
Q

What is considered mental illness?

A

Markes distress
Moderate, disabling, or chronic impairment

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5
Q

What attributes contribute to mental health?

A

Rational thinking
Effective coping
Resiliency
Self-control
Self-awareness
Developmentally on task
Happiness
Positive self-concept
Learning and productivity
Effective communication
Meaningful relationships
Spiritual satisfaction

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6
Q

Fight stigma:
Talk…

A

openly about mental health

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7
Q

Fight stigma:
Educate yourself…

A

and others on mental health

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8
Q

Fight stigma:
Be conscious …

A

of your language

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9
Q

Fight stigma:
Show empathy and…

A

compassion for those living with mental illness

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10
Q

Fight stigma:
Stop the criminalization…

A

of those living with mental illness

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11
Q

Fight stigma:
Push back against…

A

the way people who live with mental illness are portrayed in the media

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12
Q

Fight stigma:
Advocate…

A

for mental health reform

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13
Q

Fight stigma:
Encourage equality in…

A

how people perceive physical and mental health

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14
Q

Fight stigma:
See the…

A

person not the illness

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15
Q

What is the purpose of mental health parity?

A

Parity = equivalence

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16
Q

How can we achieve mental health parity?

A

Require insurance companies to provide equal treatment coverage for psychiatric disorders

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17
Q

Barriers to mental health access:
mental health need…

A

is increasing

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18
Q

Barriers to mental health access:
Long waits such as…

A

60-90 days for appt, delay in follow up care

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19
Q

Barriers to mental health access: Cost such as…

A

Income
Insurance parity

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20
Q

Barriers to mental health access: Knowledge and

A

STIGMA

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21
Q

Barriers to mental health access: feeling like…

A

just a number

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22
Q

Client rights:
Receive…

A

treatment

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23
Q

Client rights: Refuse…

A

treatment

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24
Q

Client rights: Be treated with…

A

dignity

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25
Q

Client rights: be involved…

A

in treatment and planning decisions

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26
Q

Client rights: leave the hospital…

A

against medical advice

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27
Q

Client rights: be protected.,,

A

against harming self or others

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28
Q

Client rights: a timely…

A

evaluation in the event of involuntary

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29
Q

Client rights: hospitalization and…

A

legal counsel

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30
Q

Client rights: communicate privately…

A

by telephone and in person

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31
Q

Client rights: informed…

A

consent

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32
Q

Client rights: least restrictive…

A

means of treatment

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33
Q

Client rights: participate in…

A

religious worship

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34
Q

Client rights: have…

A

confidentiality

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35
Q

Least restrictive means of treatment: access the patient…

A

to see what’s wrong

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36
Q

Least restrictive means of treatment: encourage the patient…

A

to go to their room to decrease stimulation

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37
Q

Least restrictive means of treatment: offer…

A

PRN medications orally

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38
Q

Least restrictive means of treatment: escort…

A

to a secluded area

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39
Q

Least restrictive means of treatment: administer…

A

PRN medications IM

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40
Q

Least restrictive means of treatment: restraints…

A

only used if patient is danger to self or others

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41
Q

What is a therapeutic milieu?

A

Refers to the surroundings and physical environment of the inpatient hospital unit

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42
Q

What does a therapeutic milieu provide?

A

Since of security/safety
Real life training ground for practicing communication and coping skills
Activities
RULES
Reality orientation

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43
Q

What is containment?

A

Provision of basis needs, such as food, shelter, safety and security

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44
Q

What is support?

A

offer encouragement, praise, positive feedback

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45
Q

What is validation?

A

respecting privacy, cultural needs, feelings lead to the client’s holistic health

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46
Q

What is structure?

A

Control and limitation of maladaptive behaviors and settings limits

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47
Q

What is involvement?

A

Promoting the self-efficacy of the client

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48
Q

What are the 5 parts of therapeutic milieu?

A

Containment
Support
Validation
Structure
Involvement

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49
Q

What is deinstitutionalization?

A

Legislation that resulted in the mass movement of severely mentally ill persons from state hospitals to outpatient care

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50
Q

What is the definition of stigma?

A

Widespread fear and misunderstanding of mental illness

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51
Q

What is stigma heightened by?

A

focus on extraordinary symptoms in film and literature

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52
Q

What is the diathesis-stress model?

A

Combination of genetic vulnerability and negative environmental stressors

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53
Q

Diathesis-stress model:
What is stress?

A

environmental stress or trauma

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54
Q

What model is the most accepted explanation for mental illness?

A

diathesis-stress model

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55
Q

Diathesis-stress model: What is the diathesis?

A

Biological predisposition

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56
Q

What does NAMI stand for?

A

National Alliance for Mental Illness

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57
Q

What are the goals of NAMI?

A

Communicating
Eliminating
Advocating
Improving
Integrating
Services

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58
Q

NAMI goals: Communicating…

A

that mental illnesses are brain disorders

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59
Q

NAMI goals: Eliminating…

A

stigma and discrimination

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60
Q

NAMI goals: Advocating…

A

for people with mental illness

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61
Q

NAMI goals: Improving…

A

access to treatment services

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62
Q

NAMI goals: Integrating…

A

mental illness into community life

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63
Q

NAMI goals: Services…

A

Support groups
Educational programs
Public Awareness events
Family to family
In our own voice
Participation station
Warm line
NAMI Walk

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64
Q

What is victimization?

A

Verbal abuse, bullying, threats, theft, physical assaults, rape

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65
Q

What is dual diagnosis?

A

co-occuring mental illness and substance use disorder

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66
Q

What is an acute care hospital?

A

Highly structured setting that optimizes safety and addresses crisis intervention

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67
Q

Average length of acute care hospital stay?

A

3-7 days

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68
Q

What is voluntary admission?

A

Both the individual and the health care professionals agree with the need for treatment and hospitalization. The individual signs a consent for treatment

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69
Q

How long can an individual be involuntarily held?

A

72 hrs against will

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70
Q

During a 72 hour hold…

A

Pt may become better with treatment and sign themselves in thus becoming voluntary

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71
Q

After 72 hour hold and patient still doesn’t want to be in hospital…

A

Healthcare professionals deem it necessary, court system must be petitioned for further care

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72
Q

Medication adherence def:

A

Managing one’s own care based on the plan of care developed as part of the health care team. Sticking to this developed plan of care

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73
Q

Recovery definition:

A

process of change through which individuals improve their health and wellness, live a self-directed life, and strive to reach their full potential.

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74
Q

Partial hospitalization definition:

A

Alternative for those that continue to need some supervision but are not appropriate for inpatient hospitalization

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75
Q

When is long-term hospitalization recommended?

A

Recommended if patient requires longer than 7 days for illness/symptom stabilization

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76
Q

Resilience definition:

A

Ability and capacity to secure resources needed to support well-being

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77
Q

What is resilience characterized by?

A

Optimism; Sense of mastery; Competence; Essential to recovery

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78
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

Receive and identify sensory information
Concept formation and abstraction
Proprioception and body awareness
Reading, mathematics
Right and left orientation

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79
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

Personality
Formulate goals
Initiate, plan, terminate actions
Decision making
Insight
Motivation
Social judgment
Voluntary motor ability starts in frontal lobe

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80
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

Language comprehension
Stores sounds into memory
Connects with limbic system “the emotional brain”

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81
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

Interprets visual images
Visual association
Visual memories
Language formation

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82
Q

What does damage to the frontal lobe cause?

A

• Paralysis, Inability to plan sequence of steps/actions; Persistence of a single thought (Perseveration) ***); Inability to focus on task (Attending); Mood changes (Emotionally Labile); Personality changes; Difficulty with problem solving; Inability to express language (Broca’s Aphasia)

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83
Q

What is inability to express language term?

A

Broca’s Aphasia

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84
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

A

Inability to express language

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85
Q

What does damage to the parietal lobe cause?

A

Problems with reading, naming objects, drawing, & math.; Difficulty in distinguishing left from right. Lack of awareness of certain body parts and/or surrounding space. Apraxia: difficulty controlling fine and gross motor movement; (Schizophrenia & nihilistic delusions: things or even everything does not exist

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86
Q

What is apraxia?

A

difficulty controlling fine and gross motor movement

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87
Q

Apraxia is associated with damage to the…

A

parietal lobe

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88
Q

Schizophrenia and nihilistic delusions are associated with damage to the…

A

parietal lobe

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89
Q

What does damage to the temporal lobe cause?

A

Prosopagnosia: Difficulty in recognizing faces ; Wernicke’s Aphasia: Difficulty in understanding spoken words; Difficulty with identification of, and verbalization about objects.; Short term memory and long-term memory loss.; Manic symptoms such as: Increased or decreased interest in sexual behavior, persistent talking.; Increased aggressive behavior.

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90
Q

What is difficulty in recognizing faces?

A

Prosopagnosia

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91
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Difficulty in understanding spoken words

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92
Q

What two conditions are associated with damage to the temporal lobe?

A

Wernicke’s aphasia
Prosopagnosia

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93
Q

What is damage to the occipital lobe associated with?

A

Visual illusions - inaccurately seeing objects (See a person in the corner instead of a coat tree); Word blindness - inability to recognize words.; Difficulty in recognizing drawn objects. ; Inability to recognize the movement of object (Movement Agnosia).

94
Q

What is word blindness?

A

Inability to recognize words or drawn objects

95
Q

What is movement agnosia?

A

Inability to recognize the movement of an object

96
Q

Word blindness is associated with damage to what lobe?

A

Occipital

97
Q

Movement agnosia is associated with damage to what lobe?

A

Occipital

98
Q

What does the corpus callosum do?

A

Relays information between hemispheres of brain

99
Q

Damage to the corpus callosum is associated with…

A

people cannot integrate emotions and logical information.

100
Q

Corpus callosum damage: What happens if left side of the brain is dominiant?

A

If the left (logical) brain side is dominant = less ability to feel emotion

101
Q

Corpus callosum damage: what happens if the right side is dominant?

A

If the right (emotional) brain side is dominant = difficult to control emotions and problem-solve; loss of object constancy

102
Q

What is the limbic system responsible for?

A

learning, memory, emotions and visceral responses

103
Q

What do abnormalities in the limbic system cause?

A

Excessive emotional response

104
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

memory, and controls the endocrine and immune systems

105
Q

What condition associated with alcoholism causes damage to the hippocampus?

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome

106
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

A person cannot form new memories despite intact intelligence

107
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

processes emotions; anxiety, fear, and pleasure

108
Q

What does damage to the amygdala result in?

A

Damage has resulted in rage in animals. Plays a role in anxiety and OCD

109
Q

What do the basal ganglia do?

A

Coordinated and aids in moving skeletal muscles

110
Q

How perception works:

The __ __ __ sends us a signal- “I am being touched by something”

A

peripheral nervous system

111
Q

How perception works:

The __ __ evaluates the sensation - “What does it feel like?”

A

sensory cortex

112
Q

How perception works:

The __ is responsible for recalling memory - “Have a I been touched like this before?”

A

Hippocampus

113
Q

How perception works:

The __ attaches an emotional response to the stimulation based on past experiences

A

Amygdala

114
Q

How perception works:

The __ __ spring us into action - withdrawal, fear, return touch, etc.

A

basal ganglia

115
Q

What imaging techniques show structure of anatomy?

A

CT
MRI

116
Q

What imaging techniques show function of anatomy?

A

PET
SPECT
fMRI

117
Q

What does a SPECT stand for?

A

single photon emission computed tomography

118
Q

What concept is related to brain growth?

A

Learning, memory and perception are influenced by past experiences and the ability of the brain to organize information

119
Q

Nursing interventions that lead to changes in brain activity:

Social…

A

connections

120
Q

Nursing interventions that lead to changes in brain activity:

Give community…

A

resources

121
Q

Nursing interventions that lead to changes in brain activity:

New…

A

learning

122
Q

Nursing interventions that lead to changes in brain activity:

Healthy…

A

diet

123
Q

Nursing interventions that lead to changes in brain activity:

Sleep and…

A

exercise

124
Q

Nursing interventions that lead to changes in brain activity:

Healthy __….

A

anxiety

125
Q

Nursing interventions that lead to changes in brain activity:

meditation and….

A

gratitude

126
Q

Nursing interventions that lead to changes in brain activity:

ANT killing to combat…

A

cognitive disorders

127
Q

Interventions that decrease stress will…

A

decrease cortisol levels which positively impact the PNS

128
Q

What are the two main inhibitory/calming neurotransmitters?

A

Serotonin and GABA

129
Q

What are the two main excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

Dopamine and glutamate

130
Q

What does serotonin regulate?

A

modulates mood, emotion, sleep, pain and appetite as related to mood, temperature regulation; some cognitive function

131
Q

Serotonin is __ in people with depression and anxiety

A

LOW

132
Q

What does GABA do?

A

reduces anxiety, aggression, and stress; regulates norepinephrine, adrenaline, dopamine and serotonin

133
Q

GABA is DECREASED in which conditions?

A

Anxiety, mania, and schizophrenia

134
Q

Do decrease anxiety, GABA needs to be __

A

increased

135
Q

What does dopamine do?

A

pleasurable feelings, complex motor activities, plays a role in hallucinations

136
Q

Dopamine is decreased in these conditions

A

Depression, addiction

137
Q

Dopamine is increased in these conditions…

A

Mania, positive symptoms in schizophrenia

138
Q

Too much glutamate results in…

A

Seizure activity and neurodegeneration in Alzheimers

139
Q

Glutamate is decreased in these conditions…

A

Psychosis
Autism
OCD
Depression
Schizophrenia

140
Q

What neurotransmitters are considered “other”

A

acetylcholine
histamine
norepinephrine

141
Q

What is acetylcholine responsible for?

A

cognitive functioning; sleep–wake cycles. Plays a role in learning, memory. Regulates mood: mania, sexual aggression

142
Q

Acetylcholine is low in…

A

Alzheimer’s and sleep disorders

143
Q

Acetylcholine is high in…

A

depression

144
Q

What is norepinephrine responsible for?

A

level in the brain affects mood, attention, and arousal. Stimulates sympathetic branch of autonomic nervous system for “fight or flight” stress response

145
Q

Norepinephrine is decreased in…

A

depression

146
Q

Norepinephrine is increased in…

A

mania, anxiety, and schizophrenia

147
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

The ability of the brain to change with learning is what is known as neuroplasticity; It is the lifelong ability of the brain to reorganize neural pathways based on new experiences.

148
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

A neurological process which removes unnecessary or damaged neuronal structures from the brain; Improving the “networking” capacity of a particular area of the brain. Pruning = “weeding out” the weaker synapses.

149
Q

Over pruning in schizophrenia may result in…

A

hallucinations

150
Q

Gene theory suggests over pruning takes place in…

A

late adolescence and young adulthood

151
Q

What are nursing interventions for family consultation?

A

Help understanding
Develop effective parenting skills
Teach about suicide risks

152
Q

Stinking thinking #1

All…

A

All-or nothing thinking

153
Q

Stinking thinking #2

Over…

A

overgeneralization

154
Q

Stinking thinking #3

Mental…

A

mental filter

155
Q

Stinking thinking #4
Dis…

A

discounting the positive

156
Q

Stinking thinking #5

Jump…

A

jumping to conclusions

157
Q

Stinking thinking #6

Mag…

A

magnification

158
Q

Stinking thinking #7

emot….

A

emotional reasoning

159
Q

Stinking thinking #8

Should…

A

“should” statements

160
Q

Stinking thinking #9

Lab..

A

labelling

161
Q

Stinking thinking #10

person…

A

personalization and blame

162
Q

3 types of talk behavioral therapy

A

Interpersonal therapy
CBT
Dialectic behavior therapy (DBT)

163
Q

What does interpersonal therapy focus on?

A

Focuses on interpersonal relationships by improving functioning and communication patterns

164
Q

What are 3 techniques of interpersonal therapy?

A

Identification of emotion
Expression of emotion
Dealing with emotional baggage

165
Q

Interpersonal therapy
Identification of emotion:

A

Helping the person identify what their emotion is and where it is coming from

166
Q

Interpersonal therapy

Expression of emotion

A

This involves helping the person express their emotions in a healthy way

167
Q

Interpersonal therapy

Dealing with emotional baggage

A

Looking at how past relationships affect current relationships.

168
Q

What is CBT?

A

Based on cognitive psychology & behavioral theory. Thoughts cause feelings and behaviors, not external things, like people, situations, or events.

169
Q

What is the benefit of CBT?

A

we can change the way we think in order to feel/act better even if the situation does not change

170
Q

How long is CBT typically don?

A

Brief, time limited and structured, usually 16 sessions

171
Q

How is CBT conducted?

A

Homework and self-counseling skills
Collaborative effort between therapist and patient Goals are identified by the patient

172
Q

What is DBT?

A

Developed to treat chronically suicidal individuals commonly with borderline personality disorder; Combines cognitive and behavioral techniques with mindfulness.; Emotional regulation; Interpersonal effectiveness; Distress tolerance; Mindfulness; Self Management skills

173
Q

What are the 4 primary modes of DBT?

A

Group skills training
Individual psychotherapy
Telephone contact
Therapist consultation and team meetings

174
Q

A group consists of..

A

two or more people; Pursuing common goals and/or interests

175
Q

Each group has characteristics that influence it’s progress and outcomes…

A

Size; Defined purpose; Degree of similarity among members; Rules; Boundaries; Content (what is said in the group); Process (underlying dynamics among group members)

176
Q

Psychoeducation group:

A

Groups to increase knowledge or skills about a specific psychological or somatic subject

177
Q

Examples of specific psychologic or somatic subjects

A

Medication or Health education; Dual-diagnosis; Symptom management; Goal Setting/Review; Recreational Activity; Interpersonal Skills

178
Q

Therapeutic community meeting group:

A

Every interaction occurring on an inpatient milieu has the potential to be therapeutic. The community meeting is the essential venue at which unit happenings are processed and integrated into treatment

179
Q

Support and self-help group:

A

These groups are structured to provide patients with the opportunity to maintain or enhance personal and social functioning through cooperation and shared understanding of life’s challenges (i.e. AA, survivors of Cancer, bereavement…)

180
Q

Group psychotherapy:

A

This is a specialized group intervention requiring skilled leaders such as an advanced practice nurse. Expertise is necessary for this group since the goal is to bring about personality change.

181
Q

What are some advantages of working with groups?

A

Engage multiple patients in treatment at the same time; Participants benefit from feedback, knowledge, and life experiences of others; Provides a safe setting to try out new behaviors and communication skills; Promotes a feeling of belonging

182
Q

What are some disadvantages of working with groups?

A

Time constraints an individual may feel cheated for participation time; Concern for confidentiality; Disruptive members; Not all patients benefit from group treatment

183
Q

Intervention for monopolizing group member?

A

Remind entire group to provide equal chances to contribute
Speak directly to member, privately when necessary

184
Q

Intervention for demoralizing group member

A

Listen objectively; ask in private about cause of anger; empathize matter-of-factly

185
Q

Intervention for silent member

A

Determine cause; require response to ease group discomfort; provide extra time for member to think about a response and come back to them

186
Q

4 phases of group development are…

A

Planning
Orientation
Working
Termination

187
Q

Group development:

Planning phase

A

Name, objectives, schedule, setting, types of patients for inclusion of the group

188
Q

Group development:

Orientation phase

A

Leader structures atmosphere of respect, confidentiality and trust. Group purpose and rules are stated

189
Q

Group development:

Working phase

A

Group leaders encourages a focus on problem solving. As group members begin to feel safe, conflicts may be expressed and pose a growth opportunity for the group “storming, norming and preforming”

190
Q

Group development:

Termination phase

A

Encourage members to reflect on progress made and identify post termination goals.

191
Q

What are individual informal roles of group members?

A

Agressor
Blocker-oppositional
Recognition seeker
Play person
Dominator

192
Q

Functional roles:
Task Roles-
Initiator-contributor:

A

Suggests or proposes new ideas or different ways of regarding the problem or goal

193
Q

Functional roles:
Task Roles-

Information seeker

A

tries to clarify the groups roles

194
Q

Functional roles:
Task Roles-

Information giver

A

Provides facts or shares experiences as an authority figure

195
Q

Functional roles:
Task Roles-

coordinator

A

Shows or clarifies how ideas can work

196
Q

Functional roles:
Task Roles-

orienteer

A

notes progress towards goal

197
Q

Functional roles:
Task Roles-

Recorder

A

Keeps notes and acts as memory

198
Q

Yalom’s therapeutic factors:

Instillation of hope

A

Leader shares optimism about successes of group treatment, and members share their improvements

199
Q

Yalom’s therapeutic factors:

Universality

A

Members realize that they are not alone

200
Q

Yalom’s therapeutic factors:

Imparting of information

A

Participants receive formal teaching by the leader or advice from peers

201
Q

Yalom’s therapeutic factors:

Altruism

A

Members gain/profit from giving support to others improving self-value

202
Q

Yalom’s therapeutic factors:

Corrective recapitulation

A

Members repeat patterns of behavior in the group that they learned in their families; with feedback from the leader and peers, they learn about their own behavior

203
Q

Yalom’s therapeutic factors:

Development of socailizing skills

A

Members learn new social skills based on others feedback and modeling

204
Q

Yalom’s therapeutic factors:

Imitative behavior

A

Members may copy behavior from leader or peers and can adopt healthier habits

205
Q

Yalom’s therapeutic factors:

Interpersonal learning

A

Gain insight based on feedback

206
Q

Yalom’s therapeutic factors:

Group cohesiveness

A

This arises in a mature group when each member feels connected to the other members, the leader, and the group. Members can accept both positive feedback and constructive criticism.

207
Q

Yalom’s therapeutic factors:

Catharsis

A

Through experiencing and expressing feelings, therapeutic discharge of emotion is shared.

208
Q

Yalom’s therapeutic factors:

Existential resolution

A

Members examine aspect of life, (i.e. loneliness, mortality, responsibility) that affect everyone in constructing meaning.

209
Q

What is photolight therapy?

A

First-line treatment for depression with a seasonal onset
Efficacy due to influence of light on melatonin
Effective as medication

210
Q

What are negative effects of photolight therapy?

A

Headache and jitteriness

211
Q

What is electroconvulsive therapy?

A

Under anesthesia and with a muscle relaxant, ECT is the application of electricity to temporal regions of the brain to induce a brief seizure. Unilateral (electrodes placed on one hemisphere of brain/scalp) vs. bilateral- one electrode on each temple area

212
Q

Most effective treatment for depression

A

ECT

213
Q

ECT is the primary treatment in…

A

severe malnutrition, exhaustion, & dehydration d/t lengthy depression

214
Q

What is the second most common indication for ECT?

A

Psychotic illness

215
Q

What is the course of treatment for ECT?

A

• 2-3 treatments per week for a total of 6 to 12 treatments; Must reorient for several hours after treatments

216
Q

ECT is also used in…

A

Delusional depression; Failure of previous med trials-refractory depression; Schizophrenia with catatonia

217
Q

What are the risks of ECT?

A

Stress on heart at seizure onset and up to 10 minutes post
Stresses the brain as a result of increased cerebral oxygen, blood flow, and intracranial pressure
Confused and disoriented for several hours-must reorient frequently
Retrograde amnesia-loss of memory of events leading up to and including the treatment

218
Q

When is ETC contraindicated?

A

Brain tumors and subdural hematomas

219
Q

What should the nurse assess for prior to ECT and after?

A

HTN
CHF
Arrhythmias

220
Q

What is Transcranial magnetic stimulation?

A

MRI-strength magnetic pulses stimulate focal areas of the cerebral cortex

221
Q

What is contraindication of transcrainial magnetic stimulation?

A

metal

222
Q

What are adverse reactions of transcranial magnetic stimulation?

A

Headache and lightheadedness
No neurological deficits or memory problems
Seizures rarely
Most are mild and include scalp tingling and discomfort at administration site.

223
Q

What are invasive procedures?

A

Vagus nerve stimulation and deep brain stimulation

224
Q

What is vagus nerve stimulation?

A

Originally used to treat epilepsy; Decreases seizures and improves mood; Used for treatment resistant depression; Electrical stimulation boosts the level of neurotransmitters

225
Q

What are the side effects of vagus nerve stimulation?

A

Voice alteration (nearly 60% of patients)
Neck pain, cough, paresthesia, and dyspnea, which tend to decrease with time

226
Q

What is deep brain stimulation?

A

More invasive than VNS; Surgically implanted electrodes (in the brain) Stimulates regions identified as underactive in depression

227
Q

What was deep brain stimulation originally used to treat?

A

Parkinsons

228
Q

What is St Johns Wort?

A

Flower processed into tea or tablets; Thought to increase serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine; Useful in mild to moderate depression

229
Q

What is Ginseng for?

A

stress and fatigue

230
Q

What is Valerian root or chamomile used for?

A

stress
insomnia
depression

Pysch NUR 329 (9 decks)

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