Week 1- Prenatal Development

Question 1

What was a development in the 19th century for Prenatal development

Answer 1

Improvements in optics showed that embryonic development did not involve simple processes of growth, but also substantial differentiation

Question 2

What does Scala Naturae mean

Answer 2

• Great chain of being
• Species are fixed and arranged hierarchically
• The idea that humans were the top of an evolutionary ladder

Question 3

What is Recalculation theory

Answer 3

The stages of development for an animal embryo are the same as other animals’ adult stages or forms

Question 4

Stages of prenatal development

Answer 4

• The germinal period (conception to implantation)
• The period of the embryo (implantation to 2 months)
• The period of the Fetus (2 months to birth)

Question 5

What can be seen of an embryo at 3 weeks

Answer 5

• Eye is apparent
• Heart and liver forming
• Buds where arms and legs will be
• Brain is beginning to bulge

Question 6

What can be seen of an embryo at 7 weeks

Answer 6

• Individual toes and fingers are now apparent

- Developing bulge in the gut

Question 7

What can be seen of an embryo at 2 months

Answer 7

• Limbs are now well formed

- The brain has expanded

Question 8

What can be seen of an embryo at 4 months

Answer 8

• Ears are taking final form
• Eyelids are well advanced
• Fetuses are capable of movement and can react to touch and sound
• Hearing 250-500 Hz

Question 9

What can be seen of an embryo at 8 months

Answer 9

-Genitalia are now fully formed

Question 10

Origins of congenital aberrations are unknown in how many cases

Answer 10

50%

Question 11

What are examples of genetic reasons for birth defects

Answer 11

• Cystic fibrosis
• Sickle cell anemia
• Various chromosomal disorders

Question 12

What are examples of environmental reasons for birth defects

Answer 12

-Toxins
Alcohol
Pesticides
Radiation 
Thalidomide
-Nutrition

Question 13

What does aneuploidy

Answer 13

The condition of having fewer than usual or more than the usual number of chromosomes

Question 14

The three classes of aneuploidy

Answer 14

Trisomy 21
Trisomy 18
Trisomy13

Question 15

The three classes of aneuploidy are associated with

Answer 15

Significant developmental problems in various organ systems plus learning difficulties

Question 16

What is trisomy 21 displayed as

Answer 16

Down’s syndrome

Question 17

What is trisomy 18 displayed as

Answer 17

Edwards syndrome

Question 18

What is trisomy 13 displayed as

Answer 18

Patau syndrome

Question 19

Humans have how many sex chromosomes

Answer 19

A variable number, not all of these lead to variations

Question 20

The Central Nervous System is vulnerable when

Answer 20

Prenatal development

Question 21

External genitalia is vulnerable when

Answer 21

After the embryonic period

Question 22

What’s the thalidomide tragedy

Answer 22

• Thalidomide developed in 1954 to treat headaches and morning sickness
• 20,000 children in 46 different countries were born with severely misshapen limbs

Question 23

What’s Feral Alcohol Syndrome

Answer 23

• Microcephaly
• Problems with vision and hearing
• Very wide upper nose and absence of a philtrum

Question 24

What’s vestigial reflexes

Answer 24

Partially or wholly lost their original function

E.g. gripping mums fur, no fur