Lecture 12- Nature And Nurture Interplay Flashcards
Environmental measures can be treated as
Dependent variables in genetically informative studies
Many measures of the environment that are important for child development are under
Genetic influences
What are the three types of gene-environment correlation
Passive, Evocative, Active
What’s the source of passive gene-environment correlation
Parents and siblings
What’s the source of evocative gene-environment correlation
Anybody
What’s the source of active gene-environment correlation
Anybody or anything
What is passive gene-environment correlation
Parental genes influence parental behaviours that play a role in determining the kind of rearing environment that they provide
What is evocative gene-environment correlation
Child genes influence child behaviours that play a role in evoking different types of responses in other people
What is active gene-environment correlation
Child genes influence child behaviours that play a role in determining how children shape and select their environments
What’s an example of a passive gene environment correlation
Parents of high IQ provide genes and enriched rearing environments
What’s the estimates of genotype environment correlation for IQ with non-adoptive families
r = 0.5
What’s the estimates of genotype-environment correlation for IQ with adoptive families
r= 0.2
What’s an example of an evocative gene environment correlation
Children with genetic risk for behavioural problems evoke a negative type of parenting or reaction from from peers
What’s an example of an active gene environment correlation
Antisocial person seeks out antisocial peers
64% of the variance in adolescents’ exposure to friends who smoke and drink could be explained by
Genetic influences, whereas shared environmental influences were 0%
The relative importance of the three kinds of gene-environment effects changes with
Development
The influence of the passive rGE increases or declines from infancy to adolescence?
Declines
The influence of the active rGE increases or declines from infancy to adolescence?
Increases
The degree to which experience is influenced by individual’s genetic factors increases with development because
- New genes can become important
- Individuals select their own experiences
What’s genetic innovation
New genes become important
What’s genetic amplification
Individuals select their own experiences
What’s Gene environment correlation (rGE)
When individuals with a genetic propensity for a trait are in environments, choose or create the environments that support expression of the trait
What’s gene environment interaction (GxE)
Genetically influenced sensitivity to specific environment
What’s epigenetics
Determines how much of the proteins is made, and where it is synthesised
What is DNA methylation
Methyl groups attach to DNA compacting it and preventing it’s code from being read or made into proteins
What is histone modification
Chemical tags can attach to the histones and control whether it is expanded or compacted
What is chromatin
The combination of DNA and proteins
