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Block 1 Theory > Week 1 - Pharmacology > Flashcards

Week 1 - Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the chemical name of a drug?

A

A description of the composition and molecular structure of the chemical

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2
Q

What is a generic name of a drug?

A

The official name which typically is related to its drug group

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3
Q

What are the properties of an ideal drug?

A

Reversible action
Predictable
Easily administered
Free of drug interactions
Low cost
Chemically stable
Has a simple generic name

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4
Q

How are drugs classified?

A

By effect on body systems

By therapeutic use or indications

By chemical action

Prescription/OTC/illegal

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5
Q

What is a prototype drug?

A

One drug that represents a group of drugs

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6
Q

Define pharmaceutics:

A

Study of how DOSAGE influences how body metabolizes drug and how drug AFFECTS BODY

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7
Q

Dosage form can determine what?

A

Rate that the drug dissolution occurs (when drug becomes active)

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8
Q

Define pharmacokinetics:

A

Study of what the body does to the drug and WHERE it moves through

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9
Q

What are the 4 components of pharmacokinetics?

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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10
Q

Define absorption:

A

Movement of the drug from where it is administered into the bloodstream

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11
Q

What are some factors that affect drug absorption?

A

Flood/fluids administered with the drug
Dosage formulation
Status of absorptive surface
Rate of blood flow
Acidity of stomach
Status of GI motility

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12
Q

Describe the First-Pass effect:

A

The drug must be metabolized by the liver before it is available/active to the system

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13
Q

Define distribution:

A

The transport of a drug via the bloodstream to its site of action

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14
Q

Where in the body does drugs in the bloodstream move to first?

A

Areas that are extensively supplied with blood (e.g. liver, heart, kidneys, brain)

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15
Q

Define metabolism (of drugs):

A

The transformation of a drug into usable compounds/active metabolites OR inactivates

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16
Q

What can slowed drug metabolism cause?

A

Accumulation of the drug
Prolonged effects

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17
Q

What can stimulated drug metabolism cause?

A

Diminished effects

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18
Q

When do prodrugs become active?

A

AFTER metabolism

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19
Q

Define excretion (of drug):

A

Elimination of drug from body

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20
Q

Where does drug elimination occur?

A

Mostly kidneys
Also liver and bowel
(sometimes skin and lungs)

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21
Q

Define half-life:

A

The time it takes for half of a given drug dose to be removed from the body

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22
Q

Typically it takes how many half-lives to fully eliminate a drug from the body?

A

5 half-lives

23
Q

What does the half-life determine?

A

How long the drug is effective and how often it should be administered

24
Q

Define pharmacodynamics:

A

What the drug does to the body (interaction of drug with sites of activity)

25
Q

Define therapeutics effect:

A

The intended positive change a drug makes
(alters function, cannot create new function)

26
Q

What are 4 drug-related variables?

A

Dosage
Route
Drug-diet interactions
Drug-drug interactions

27
Q

Who supervises new drug development and clinical trials?

A

FDA

28
Q

What are Schedule I drugs?

A

Drugs with no accepted medical use and are HIGHLY addictive
(e.g. LSD, MDMA, heroin)

29
Q

What are Schedule II drugs?

A

Drugs that are used medically but are HIGHLY addictive
(e.g. opioids (codeine, methadone, oxycodone, morphine), CNS stimulants (cocaine, methamphetamine) and barbituate sedatives (pentobarbital)

30
Q

What are Schedule III drugs?

A

Drugs that are slightly less addictive but can lead to psychological/physical dependence
(e.g. steroids, ketamine, some CNS stimulants)

31
Q

What are Schedule IV drugs?

A

Drugs that are medically accepted but have some potential for abuse
(e.g. benzodiazepines, sedatives, appetite suppressants)

32
Q

What are Schedule V drugs?

A

Drugs with moderate amounts of controlled substances but do not require prescription but has restrictions and safeguards in place to prevent abuse

33
Q

A drug label must have what on it?

A

Name and dosage

34
Q

What is synergism?

A

When 2 drugs used together increase the effects more than the sum of their individual effects

35
Q

A nurse administers a drug. What’s next?

A

Monitor the drug effects

36
Q

What are the 6 rights?

A

Right patient

Right Medication

Right Dosage

Right Route

Right Time

Right Documentation

37
Q

What are the 3 med checks? Where do they take place?

A
  1. Check order from prescriber (at computer/MAR)
  2. Check Medication against MAR (at computer/dispenser)
  3. Check at bedside (right patient, MAR, and drug)
38
Q

What are 7 essential components of a medication order?

A

Full name/DOB/MRN

Date/Time written

Name of medication

Dosage

Route

Time and frequency

Prescriber signature

39
Q

How long does a nurse have to give a mediation for it to be “on time”?

A

60 minutes
Can be administered between 30 min before and 30 min after time

40
Q

What are the essential components of a Medication Administration Record (MAR)?

A

Client info (Name, DOB, MRN)

Allergies

Date (when it was prescribed, start and stop dates)

Medication name

Time to administer med

Provider signature

Special Instructions (such as “if BP is over …” etc.)

41
Q

What are a few reasons why a nurse would need to verify an order with a provider?

A

Dosage out of normal range

Medication seems inappropriate for patient

Patient says it is the wrong medication

Route is inappropriate

42
Q

What is medication reconciliation?

A

Asking a patient about the medications they are currently taking at home and documenting them

43
Q

When should the medication reconciliation occur?

A

Within an hour of the patient’s admission

44
Q

Who is responsible for the medication reconciliation?

A

Nurse

45
Q

Body weight affects drug action mainly in relation to

A

dosage

46
Q

A single large dose or repeated small doses can lead to what?

A

Toxic concentrations

47
Q

What drug is used to relieve respiratory depression associated with morphine?

A

Naloxone

48
Q

During pregnancy, drugs can harm the fetus by passing through what?

A

The placenta

49
Q

What is the “universal antidote”?

A

Activated charcoal

50
Q

Insulin syringes hold up to how many mL?

A

100 mL

51
Q

What is an idiosyncratic response?

A

an unusual or opposite effect of what is intended

52
Q

Parts of a nursing diagnosis

A

(1) A description of the problem, response, or state (i.e. activity intolerance)
(2) Identification of factors etiologically related to the problem (not the medical diagnosis) (i.e. R/T inadequate oxygenation)
(3) Signs and symptoms that are characteristics of the problem (i.e. pt states dizziness etc.)

53
Q

Diagnostic label

A

the name of the nursing diagnosis as approved by NANDA International (Ex. Ineffective airway clearance)

54
Q
A

Block 1 Theory (6 decks)

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