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Block 1 Theory > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the stochastic biological theory of aging

A

Aging is an accumulation of random changes that occur over time

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2
Q

Describe the non-stochastic biological theory of aging

A

Aging occurs because of genetically programmed events and cellular damage accelerates aging

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3
Q

Ericksons Psychosocial Development: Age 1 (infancy)

A

Crisis: Trust vs Mistrust
Strength: Hope
Influence: Maternal

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4
Q

Ericksons Psychosocial Development: Age 2-3 (early childhood)

A

Crisis: Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
Strength: Willpower
Influence: Both parents

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5
Q

Ericksons Psychosocial Development: Age 4-5 (preschool)

A

Crisis: Initiative vs Guilt
Strength: Purpose
Influence: Parents, family, friends

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6
Q

Ericksons Psychosocial Development: Age 6-11 (middle childhood)

A

Crisis: Industry vs Inferiority
Strength: Competence
Influence: School

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7
Q

Ericksons Psychosocial Development: Age 12-18 (adolescence)

A

Crisis: Identity vs Role Confusion
Strength: Fidelity
Influence: Peers

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8
Q

Ericksons Psychosocial Development: Age 18-35 (young adulthood)

A

Crisis: Intimacy vs Isolation
Strength: Love
Influence: Spouse, lover, friends

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9
Q

Ericksons Psychosocial Development: Age 35-36 (Middle age)

A

Crisis: Generativity vs Stagnation
Strength: Care
Influence: Family, society

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10
Q

Ericksons Psychosocial Development: Age 65+ (Old age)

A

Crisis: Integrity vs Despair
Strength: Wisdom
Influence: All humans

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11
Q

Aging ______ IQ and _______ reaction time

A

does not affect
slows

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12
Q

Aging affects short term memory by

A

decreasing recall

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13
Q

Aging affects long term memory by

A

N/A

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14
Q

When assessing older adults, what physiological changes should you look for?

A

CLEAR
Cognition and agitation

Loss of bladder control and altered elimination

Eating and nutritional changes

Activity and energy changes

Recurrent falls/injury

as well as:
impaired mobility, altered skin integrity, and altered sleep

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15
Q

When assessing older adults, what cognitive changes should you look for?

A

Memory
Perception
Intelligence
Confusion

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16
Q

When assessing older adults, what functional changes should you look for?

A

ADLs (self-care, activity intolerance)
Fall assessment
Environmental

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17
Q

When assessing older adults, what psychosocial needs should you ask about?

A

Social support and coping
Grieving and hopelessness
Impaired body image
Economic status
Independent vs Dependent living

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18
Q

Pain is

A

what the patient says it is

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19
Q

When should patient/caregiver education take place?

A

Every shift

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20
Q

What is the degree of insertion for intramuscular injections?

A

90 degrees

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21
Q

What size needle do you use for IM injections?

A

20-25 gauge

Adults: 1 - 1 1/2 inch
Children/elderly/emaciated: 5/8 - 1 1/4 inch

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22
Q

What is the degree of insertion for subcutaneous injections?

A

45 - 90 degrees

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23
Q

What size needle do you use for SubQ injections?

A

Generally 25-27 gauge

3/8 - 1 inch (depending on pt)

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24
Q

What is the degree of insertion for intradermal injections?

A

10 - 15 degrees

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25
Q

What size needle do you use for intradermal injections?

A

25 - 27 gauge

1/4 - 1/2 inch needle

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26
Q

What is the degree of insertion for IV’s?

A

25 degrees

27
Q

What are common areas for IM injections?

A

Deltoid
Ventrogluteal
Vastus lateralis

28
Q

What are common medications given through IM injection?

A

Steroids
Vaccines
Hormones

29
Q

What are common injection sites for SubQ injections?

A

Abdomen
Back of arm
Top of thigh

30
Q

What are common medications given through SubQ injection?

A

Heparin
Insulin
Ozempic

31
Q

Describe the Z-track method for injections:

A

Used to “lock” injection into muscle
Hold skin taught before inserting needle
Inject at 90 degrees
After removing needle, release skin to move back to normal position

32
Q

For intramuscular injections, 1-2 mLs should go into the

A

deltoid

33
Q

For IM injections, 1-5 mLs should go into the

A

ventrogluteal
(large muscle)

34
Q

When doing an intradermal injection, what should enter the skin?

A

Only the bevel

35
Q

When drawing up from an ampule, what kind of needle should you use?

A

Filter needle

36
Q

Define hemoptysis

A

Blood in sputum (cough up blood)

37
Q

What causes barrel chest?

A

Labored breathing that requires the use of accessory muscles

38
Q

What causes nail clubbing?

A

Low O2 (hypoxia)
Results in slow capillary refill and no window between thumb nails

39
Q

How do you test for thoracic respiratory excursion?

A

Place hands on back (around 10th ribs)
Have pt breathe in deeply
Watch hands move (should be symmetrical, only about 3-5 cm movement)

40
Q

How do you test for tactile fremitis?

A

Palpate down back, have pt repeat “ninety-nine”
(Should feel vibrations toward top near vocal chords, less toward bottom)

41
Q

What is respiratory crepitus?

A

Sub-Q air “rice krispies”

42
Q

Where are bronchial sounds heard?

A

Toward top of chest (larynx and trachea)

43
Q

Where are bronchovesicular sounds heard?

A

Around 1st/2nd intercostal area and between scapula

44
Q

Where are vesicular sounds heard?

A

Heard closer to bottom (“apices”) of lungs

45
Q

What is cranial nerve I?
How do you test it?

A

Olfactory nerve
Smelling - close eyes and identify scent

46
Q

What is cranial nerve II?
How do you test it?

A

Optic nerve
Visual acuity - Snellan chart, peripherals

47
Q

What is cranial nerve III?
How do you test it?

A

Oculomotor nerve
PERRLA, convergence, and 6 cardinal fields of gaze

48
Q

What is cranial nerve IV?
How do you test it?

A

Trochlear nerve
6 cardinal fields of gaze (move in and down)

49
Q

What is cranial nerve V?
How do you test it?

A

Trigeminal nerve
Clench teeth and close eyes and identify sensation on sinus/jaw/forehead/neck

50
Q

What is cranial nerve VI?
How do you test it?

A

Abducens nerve
Six cardinal fields of gaze (move out)

51
Q

What is cranial nerve VII?
How do you test it?

A

Facial nerve
Facial expressions (puff cheeks, smile, raise eyebrows)

52
Q

What is cranial nerve VIII
How do you test it?

A

Acoustic nerve
Close eyes and rub fingers near each ear, identify which side and perform Romberg test

53
Q

What are cranial nerves IX and X?
How do you test them?

A

Glossopharyngeal and Vagus nerve
Have pt. say “Ah”, watch uvula rise, make sure it is midline

54
Q

What is cranial nerve XI?
How do you test it?

A

Spinal Accessory nerve
Have pt shrug shoulders against resistance and move head side to side against resistance

55
Q

What is cranial nerve XII?
How do you test it?

A

Hypoglossal nerve
Have pt stick out tongue, move side to side, make sure it is midline
Have pt repeat “Light, bright, dynamite”

56
Q

Define stereognosis

A

The ability to identify an object without seeing it

57
Q

Define graphesthesia

A

The ability to perceive writing on the skin without seeing it

58
Q

What are 5 questions to determine if pt is AAOx5

A

Name and DOB?
Todays date?
Where are you?
Why are you here?
Current president?

59
Q

What is the Romberg test?

A

Tests the patient’s balance
Pt closes eyes while standing with feet together, should be able to stand for 20 seconds without falling

60
Q

Describe lethargic

A

Able to rouse by saying name and touching pt

61
Q

Describe obtunded

A

Decreased alertness and more difficult to rouse patient (requires vigorous shaking and loud voice)

62
Q

Describe stupor

A

Little to no spontaneous activity, will only be roused by painful stimuli

63
Q
A
64
Q
A

Block 1 Theory (6 decks)

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