Week 1: Perception Flashcards
Perception
The process by which we notice and interpret our surroundings
What we perceive is influenced by:
Situational and contextual features
We notice what is distinctive
Our beliefs, experiences, expectations and goals
We notice what we have been trained to see, what we expect to see and what we hope to see (and ignore the rest)
Inattentional Blindness
Failing to notice stimuli appearing directly in front of our eyes when we are preoccupied with an attentionally demanding task
EX: Radiologist does not pick out the gorilla because they are scanning for tumors.
EX: Gorilla Story
Change Blindness
Failing to notice changes in visual scenes. Failing to notice a change has transpired.
EX: Person Swap - Asked for directions, swapped person, and the person giving directions didn’t notice.
Attribution
the process by which we explain behavior (by inferring its causes)
Internal Attribution
when the behavior is thought to be under the person’s control
EX: Late for the first day of work - this person must be lazy.
External Attribution
when the behavior is thought to be the result of situational constraints (e.g., chance, rules, custom)
Ex: Late for the first day of work - this person was late because of a family emergency or traffic.
Fundamental attribution error
tendency to explain behavior of others by:
Overestimating the influence of internal factors
Underestimating the influence of external factors
Tends to happen more when you don’t know someone well.
Self-serving bias
tendency to explain personally-relevant outcomes by:
Attributing success to internal factors
Attributing failure to external factors
Ex: When a team wins, one might assign more responsibility or take more credit for the role played in the group. Alternatively, when the team loses, one might assign external factors “team needed more time,” as the reason for failure.
Sunk Cost Bias
The sunk cost fallacy occurs because we are not purely rational decision-makers and are often influenced by our emotions. When we have previously made an investment into a choice, we are likely to feel guilty or regretful if we do not follow-through on that decision
Mindful Focused Breathers resisted the sunk cost bias - they stopped to think.
Mindfulness and Task Performance can…
Reduces decision biases (Hafenbrack et al., 2014)
Improves standardized test performance (Mrazek et al., 2013)
Strengthens negotiation outcomes (Reb & Narayanan, 2013)
Relates positively to job performance (Dane & Brummel, 2014)
