week 1 - oncology nursing

Question 1

what age do people recieve the free bowel screening test?

faecal occult blood test (FOBT)

Answer 1

50-74yrs

Question 2

what is carcinogenesis?

Answer 2

normal cells transform into cancer cells

Question 3

what are the 8 stages of metastasis?

Taylor Pift PAIr kElCE

Answer 3

1. tumor initiation
2. progression
3. proliferation
4. angiogenesis
5. intravsation/invasion
6. extravasation
7. colony formation
8. evasion of host defenses

Question 4

what is initiation in carcinogenesis?

Answer 4

initial genetic or epigenetic changes that lead to the transformation of a normal cell into a pre-cancerous cell

Question 5

define incidence

Answer 5

no. of persons developing cancer in a specified time period / total population living at that time

Question 7

what are 8 physical/behavioural responses that come with a cancer diagnosis?

“HoW Forward iS SArAH”

Answer 7

1. headaches
2. wanting to be around others/social withdrawal
3. feeling ‘stressed’ & ‘on edge’
4. sleep disturbance
5. substance use/abuse
6. appetite changes
7. altered sexual interest
8. heart palpitations

Question 8

define mortality

Answer 8

no. of persons dying of cancer in a specified time period / total population living at that time

Question 9

define prevalence

Answer 9

no. of person w/ cancer at a given point in time / total population living at that time

Question 10

what are oncogenes?

Answer 10

mutated form of proto-oncogenes

Question 11

what is promotion in carcinogenesis?

Answer 11

stimulation & clonal expansion of initiated cells

Question 12

what is cervical cancer primarily caused by?

Answer 12

persistant infection with HPV

Question 13

what can delay a cervical cancer diagnosis?

Answer 13

-ve HPV screening test

Question 14

what is the population for breast cancer?

Answer 14

women > 40yrs

Question 15

what are the 3 stages of carcinogenesis?

Answer 15

1. initiation
2. promotion
3. progression

Question 16

what is the focus age group for breast cancer?

Answer 16

50-69yr

Question 17

how often do people recieve the FOBT for bowel cancer screening?

Answer 17

every 5yrs

Question 18

what is progression in carcinogenesis?

Answer 18

acquisition of additional genetic & epigenetic changes that give the cells the ability to invade nearby tissues & potentially metastasise

Question 19

what are tumor suppressor genes?

Answer 19

encode proteins that block growth promoting proteins

Question 20

what are 4 key factors contributing to carcinogenesis?

Answer 20

1. mutations in oncogenes
2. mutations in tumor suppressor genes
3. exposure to carcinogens
4. inflammation

Question 21

define survival

Answer 21

proportion of cancer patients who are alive at a certain time after diagnosis

Question 22

what are 3 features of tumor growth?

Answer 22

1. rapid cell division
2. evasion of immune system
3. ability to promote blood vessel formation (angiogenesis)

Question 23

what are psychosocial issues for a person recieving a cancer diagnosis?

Answer 23

experience as encompassing great distress caused by fear of abandonment, loss of control, intense loneliness & psychological pain

Question 24

what are 3 sexuality issues related to a cancer diagnosis?

Answer 24

1. body image/self-esteem
2. sexual function
3. fertility concerns

Question 25

what are 4 proto-oncogenes?

Answer 25

1. normal growth promoting genes
2. growth factor
3. cell survival genes
4. cell cycle controlling genes