Week 1 - L.O. Flashcards
What are the kidneys?
paired retroperitoneal organs situated in the posterior part of the abdomen on each side of the vertebral column
where are the kidneys located?
with the upper pole of each kidney, opposite the 12th thoracic vertebra, and the lower pole opposite the 2nd/3rd lumbar vertebra situated with the right kidney slightly more caudal (lower down)
what is the normal size of each kidney?
approximately
11cm-12cm in length,
5cm-7.5cm in width
2.5cm-3cm thick
What surrounds the kidney?
tough fibrous capsule
what is the main blood supply to the kidneys?
single renal artery
although the presence of one or more accessory renal arteries is not uncommon
where does the renal artery enter the kidneys?
a renal artery that enters the hilar region an usually divides to form an anterior and a posterior branch
what else normally supplies the kidneys?
sometimes supplied by additional aberrant arteries from the superior mesenteric, suprarenal, testicular, or ovarian arteries
where are the ureters?
the ureter crosses pelvic brim at level of sacro-iliac joint, anterior to bifurcation of common iliac artery to pierces the posterior surface of bladder
what is the relationship between the ureter and the bladder?
the ureter enters posterolateral surface of bladder and runs obliquely through the bladder wall
where do the ureter pass in males?
the ureter passes under ductus deferens, superior to seminal vesicles
where does the ureter descend in women?
ureter descends posterior to ovary and into base of broad ligament, passing under uterine artery (water under the bridge)
what is the ureter supplied by?
branches of common and internal iliac arteries and uterine artery (inferior vesicle artery in males) and drained by veins with same names
Where is the bladder?
lies posterior to pubic bones and pubic symphysis
what is the bladder like when empty?
tetrahedron in shape and lies entirely within the true pelvic cavity
what is the bladder like when full?
spherical and may reach as high as umbilicus
what does the bladder have when empty?
has a base (posterior surface) and one superior and 2 inferolateral surfaces
what is the bladder base (posterior surface) defined by?
2 ureteric openings at superolateral corners and internal urethral opening inferiorly
what areas are defined by the internal urethral opening inferiorly?
triangular area called trigone
what is the bladder neck?
where base and inferolateral sides meet inferiorly
what does the bladder contain between 2 urethral openings?
a ridge between 2 urethral openings called he interureteric fold
what is the significance of the anterior angle / apex of the bladder?
a site of attachment of urachus
what is urachus?
fibrous remnant of fetal allantois, which is seen as median umbilical ligament on anterior abdominal wall
what is the bladder wall composed of?
thick layer of interwoven bundles of smooth muscle running transversely, longitudinally, and obliquely - known as detrusor muscle
what is the detrusor muscle like in the region of the bladder neck?
the detrusor muscle runs circularly as involuntary internal sphincter
how is the bladder mucosa like?
the mucosa is thrown into rugae except within trigone, which is smooth
