Week 1 - L.O.

Question 1

What are the kidneys?

Answer 1

paired retroperitoneal organs situated in the posterior part of the abdomen on each side of the vertebral column

Question 2

where are the kidneys located?

Answer 2

with the upper pole of each kidney, opposite the 12th thoracic vertebra, and the lower pole opposite the 2nd/3rd lumbar vertebra situated with the right kidney slightly more caudal (lower down)

Question 3

what is the normal size of each kidney?

Answer 3

approximately
11cm-12cm in length,
5cm-7.5cm in width
2.5cm-3cm thick

Question 4

What surrounds the kidney?

Answer 4

tough fibrous capsule

Question 5

what is the main blood supply to the kidneys?

Answer 5

single renal artery

although the presence of one or more accessory renal arteries is not uncommon

Question 6

where does the renal artery enter the kidneys?

Answer 6

a renal artery that enters the hilar region an usually divides to form an anterior and a posterior branch

Question 7

what else normally supplies the kidneys?

Answer 7

sometimes supplied by additional aberrant arteries from the superior mesenteric, suprarenal, testicular, or ovarian arteries

Question 8

where are the ureters?

Answer 8

the ureter crosses pelvic brim at level of sacro-iliac joint, anterior to bifurcation of common iliac artery to pierces the posterior surface of bladder

Question 9

what is the relationship between the ureter and the bladder?

Answer 9

the ureter enters posterolateral surface of bladder and runs obliquely through the bladder wall

Question 10

where do the ureter pass in males?

Answer 10

the ureter passes under ductus deferens, superior to seminal vesicles

Question 11

where does the ureter descend in women?

Answer 11

ureter descends posterior to ovary and into base of broad ligament, passing under uterine artery (water under the bridge)

Question 12

what is the ureter supplied by?

Answer 12

branches of common and internal iliac arteries and uterine artery (inferior vesicle artery in males) and drained by veins with same names

Question 13

Where is the bladder?

Answer 13

lies posterior to pubic bones and pubic symphysis

Question 14

what is the bladder like when empty?

Answer 14

tetrahedron in shape and lies entirely within the true pelvic cavity

Question 15

what is the bladder like when full?

Answer 15

spherical and may reach as high as umbilicus

Question 16

what does the bladder have when empty?

Answer 16

has a base (posterior surface) and one superior and 2 inferolateral surfaces

Question 17

what is the bladder base (posterior surface) defined by?

Answer 17

2 ureteric openings at superolateral corners and internal urethral opening inferiorly

Question 18

what areas are defined by the internal urethral opening inferiorly?

Answer 18

triangular area called trigone

Question 19

what is the bladder neck?

Answer 19

where base and inferolateral sides meet inferiorly

Question 20

what does the bladder contain between 2 urethral openings?

Answer 20

a ridge between 2 urethral openings called he interureteric fold

Question 21

what is the significance of the anterior angle / apex of the bladder?

Answer 21

a site of attachment of urachus

Question 22

what is urachus?

Answer 22

fibrous remnant of fetal allantois, which is seen as median umbilical ligament on anterior abdominal wall

Question 23

what is the bladder wall composed of?

Answer 23

thick layer of interwoven bundles of smooth muscle running transversely, longitudinally, and obliquely - known as detrusor muscle

Question 24

what is the detrusor muscle like in the region of the bladder neck?

Answer 24

the detrusor muscle runs circularly as involuntary internal sphincter

Question 25

how is the bladder mucosa like?

Answer 25

the mucosa is thrown into rugae except within trigone, which is smooth