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Medical Pathophysiology > Week 1 - Lecture 2a - A review on cellular structure and function > Flashcards

Week 1 - Lecture 2a - A review on cellular structure and function Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Chemical level

A

Atoms combine to form molecules

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2
Q

cellular level

A

cells are made up of molecules

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3
Q

Tissue level

A

tissues consist of similar types of cells

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4
Q

Organ level

A

organs are made up of different types of tissues

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5
Q

Organ system level

A

organ system level consists of different organs that work together closely

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6
Q

Organism level

A

the human organism is made up of many organ systems

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7
Q

Integumentary system

A

separates the internal environment from the external environment

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8
Q

Nervous system

A

Major regulatory system of the internal environment; senses change, integrates and sends signals to effections (muscular organs, glands)

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9
Q

Digestive system

A

breaks down nutrients from the external environment and absorbs them into the internal environment

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10
Q

Respiratory system

A

exchanges O2 and CO2 between the internal and external environment

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11
Q

Endocrine system

A

Regulates internal environment by secreting hormones that travel through the bloodstream to target areas

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12
Q

Circulatory system

A

transports nutrients, water, oxygen, hormones, wastes and other materials within the internal environment

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13
Q

Skeletal system

A

supports, protects and moves body, also stores minerals

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14
Q

Muscular system

A

powers and directs skeletal movements

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15
Q

Reproductive system

A

produces sex cells that form offspring, ensuring survival of genes. Females system is also site of fertilisation and early development

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16
Q

Immune system

A

defends internal environment against injury from foreign cells and other irritants

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17
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Drains excess fluid from tissues, cleans it and returns it to the blood

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18
Q

Urinary system

A

adjusts internal environment by excreting excess water, salt and other substances

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19
Q

review

A

cell structure slide 5

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20
Q

Plasma membrane composition and function

A

C: lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroid, proteins and carbohydrates
F: isolation, protection, sensitivity, support; controls entry and exit of materials

21
Q

Cytosol Composition and function

A

C: fluid component of cytoplasm
F: distributes materials by diffusion

22
Q

Cyto skeleton (Microtubule/Microfilaments) Composition and function

A

C: proteins organised in fine filaments or slender tubes
F: Strength and support, movement of cellular structures and materials

23
Q

Microvilli composition and function

A

C: membranes extensions containing microfilaments
F: increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials

24
Q

Centrosome (centrioles) composition and function

A

C: cytoplasm containing two centrioles at right angles, each centriole at right angles each centriole is composed of 9 microtubule triplets in a 9 + 0 array

F: essential for movement chromosomes during cell division ; organisation of microtubules in cytoskeleton

25
Q

Cilia composition and function

A

C: membrane extensions containing microtubule doublets in a 9+2 array
F: movement of material over cell surface

26
Q

Ribosomes Composition and function

A

C: RNA +proteins, fixed ribosomes bound to rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes scattered in cytoplasm

F: protein synthesis

27
Q

Proteasome composition and function

A

C: hollow cylinders of proteolytic enzymes with regulatory proteins at ends

F: breakdown and recycling of damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins

28
Q

Mitochondria composition and function

A

C: double membrane, with inner membrane fold (cristae) enclosing important metabolic enzymes

F: produces 95% of the ATP required by the cell

29
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum composition and function

A

C: networks of membranous channels, extending throughout the cytoplasm
F: synthesis of secretory products; intracellular storage and transport

30
Q

Rough ER composition and function

A

C: has ribosomes bound to membranes
F: modification and packaging of newly synthesised proteins

31
Q

Smooth ER composition and function

A

C: lacks attached processes
F: lipid and carbohydrate synthesis

32
Q

Golgi apparatus composition and function

A

C:stacks of flattened membranes (cristenae) containing chambers
F: storage, alteration and packaging of secretary products and lysosomal enzymes

33
Q

Lysosomes composition and function

A

C:Vesicles containing digestive enzymes
F: intracellular removal of damaged organelles of pathogens

34
Q

Peroxisome composition and function

A

C: vesicle containing degradative enzymes
F: catabolism of fats and other organic compounds; neutralisation of toxic compounds generated in the process

35
Q

Nucleus composition and function

A

C: nucleoplasm containing nucleotides , enzymes nucleoproteins and chromatin; surrounded by double membrane (nuclear envelope)
F: control of metabolism; storage and processing of genetic information; control of protein synthesis

36
Q

Nucleolus composition and function

A

C: dense region in the nucleoplasm containing DNA and RNA
F: site of RNA synthesis and assembly of ribosomal subunits

37
Q

What is cell diffusion

A

cell travel from an area of higher concentration to an area of low concentration

38
Q

what is simple diffusion

A

the process of a substance moving through a membrane without the use of an intermediary such as an integral membrane protein

39
Q

What is endocytosis

A

the taking in of a matter by a living cell by investigation of its membrane to form a vacuole

‘into cell’

40
Q

What is exocytosis

A

a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane

‘out of cell’

41
Q

what is pinocytosis

A

the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane
fluid phase endocytosis

42
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

engulfing of foreign solids by phagocytic cells

- releasing oxygen free radicals

43
Q

What is receptor mediated endocytosis

A

engulfed particles attach to receptors before endocytosis occurs (enzymes, insulin, flu virus, diphtheria, cholera toxin

44
Q

Secretion via exocytosis

A

cellular products packaged into vesicles

transport out of the cell by exocytosis

45
Q

Respiration

A

we can use glucose to produce energy
-oxygen helps get the most out of it

in the absence of oxygen, we can only use glycolysis and make a few ATP

  • with oxygen can make a lot of ATP
    2: 32 ATP
46
Q

Communication

A

proteins are important for cell function
- genes control production in response to cellular need

Feedback mechanisms regulate gene activation

  • control productions of proteins
  • prevent cellular damage by overproduction of under production
47
Q

Reproduction

A

cellular division under genetic control

cellular proliferation increases cell numbers

cellular differentiation directs the development of specific cell types

  • all cells contain identical genetic material
  • differentiation explains how a cell develops one type of tissue, another develops to another

most of a cell’s life is spent in the non-dividing state (interphase)

48
Q

Meiosis

A

cell division producing gametes (sex cells, half of the chromosomes)

49
Q

Mitotic cell division

A

produces clones ( I reproduce myself)

  • essential for the body growth and tissue repair
  • occurs continuously in some cells
    • skin : intestinal lining : immune cells (during infection)
  • Less frequently
  • -liver cells, maintain organ size
  • none in most mature cells of nervous tissue, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle
  • -repairs with fibrous tissue

Medical Pathophysiology (30 decks)

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