Week 1: Foundations of Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
What is gross anatomy?
The study of larger structures visible without magnification
What is microscopic anatomy?
The study of structures observed only with the use of a microscope/magnification device.
(EX. Cytology=cell, Histology=tissues)
What is regional anatomy?
The study of interrelationships of all structures in a specific body region such as the abdomen.
What is systemic anatomy?
The study of structures that make up a discrete body system (muscular, digestive).
What is physiology?
The study of how structures of the body work together to supper the functions of life.
What are the 6 levels of organization in the human body?
- Chemical level
- Cellular level
- Tissue level
- Organ level
- Organ system level
- Organism level
What does the integumentary system do?
Encloses internal structures and the site of many sensory receptors.
EX. Skin
What does the skeletal system do?
Supports the body and enables movement.
EX. Bones
What does the muscular system do?
Enables movement and helps to maintain body temperature.
EX. Muscles
What does the nervous system do?
Detects and processes sensory information and activates bodily responses.
EX. Nerves
What does the endocrine system do?
Secretes hormones and regulates bodily processes.
What does the cardiovascular system do?
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues, and equalizes temperature in the body.
What does the lymphatic system do?
Returns fluid to blood and defends against pathogens.
What does the respiratory system do?
Removes CO2 from the body and delivers O2 to the blood.
What does the digestive system do?
Processes food for use by the body, and removes waste from undigested foods.
What does the urinary system do?
Controls water balance in the body, and removes wastes from blood and excretes them.
What does the MALE reproductive system do?
Produces sex hormones and gametes, delivers gametes to female.
What does the FEMALE reproductive system do?
Produces sex hormones and gametes, supports embryo/fetus until birth, and produces milk for the infant.
Why is oxygen essential to human survival?
It is a keep component in chemical reactions that keep the body alive such as making ATP.
No O2 for 5 min = brain damage
No O2 for 10 min = probable death
Why is water essential to human survival?
- Body functional chemical are dissolved and transported in water.
- The necessary chemical reactions of the body take place in water.
- It is the largest component of cells, blood, and cellular fluids, regulates internal temperature, and cushions, protects, and lubricates joints and other body structures.
Why are energy-yielding/body-building nutrients essential to human survival?
- Primarily carbohydrates and lipids, proteins provide amino acids that act as building blocks.
Why are micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) essential to human survival?
- Vitamins and minerals participate in many essential chemical reactions and processes (nerve impulses) and can contribute to the body’s structure.
What is homeostasis and its importance to human functioning?
A physiological value around where normal range fluctuates and is certain values in which the body remains optimally healthy and stable.
EX. Normal body temp, BP, pH levels, blood glucose levels.
What is negative feedback?
A mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point.
What are the 3 parts of the negative feedback loop?
Sensor/receptor, Control Center, Effector
What does the SENSOR of the negative feedback system do?
It monitors a physiological value.
What does the CONTROL CENTER of the negative feedback system do?
It compares the value to the normal range.
What is the EFFECTOR of the negative feedback system?
Causes change to reverse the situation and return the value to the normal range.
What is positive feedback?
Intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition rather than reversing it.
Only normal when there is a definite end point.
EX. Childbirth
Anterior (ventral) means…
Front or direction towards the front of the body
Posterior (dorsal) means…
Back or direction towards the back of the body
Superior (cranial) means…
Position above or higher than another part of the body
Inferior (caudal) means…
Position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or towards the tail
Lateral means…
Side or direction toward the side of the the body
Medial means…
Middle or direction towards the middle of the body
Proximal means…
Position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
Distal means…
Position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
Superficial means…
Position closer to the surface of the body
Deep means…
Position farther from the surface of the body
What makes up the Posterior/Doral cavity?
The Cranial cavity (houses the brain)
The Spinal/Vertebral cavity (encloses the spine)
What is the Spinal/Vertebral Cavity?
It encloses the spine.
What is the Cranial Cavity?
It houses the brain
What makes up the Anterior/Ventral cavity?
The Thoracic cavity (enclosed by the ribcage)
The Abdominopelvic cavity
What is the Thoracic Cavity?
It is the more superior subdivision and is enclosed by the ribcage.
It contains the lungs and heart and is located in the mediastinum.
What is the Abdominopelvic Cavity?
It is the largest cavity in the body that is not divided by membranes.
It is used to distinguish between the abdominal cavity (digestive organs) and the pelvic cavity (reproductive organs).
What are the 2 types of serous membranes?
Parietal and Visceral
What is Parietal layers of membrane?
Line the walls of the body cavity
What is Visceral layers of membrane?
Cover the organs
What are the 3 serous cavities of the body?
The Pleura, the Pericardium, and the Peritoneum
What is the pleura?
A serous membrane that encloses the pleura cavity that surrounds the lungs, reducing friction between the lungs and the body walls.
What is the pericardium?
A serous membrane that encloses the pericardial cavity that surrounds the heart, and reduces friction between the heart and the wall of the pericardium.
What is the peritoneum?
A serous membrane that encloses the peritoneal cavity that surrounds several organs in the abdominopelvic cavity, and reduces friction between the abdominal and pelvic organs and the body wall.
What are X-rays?
A form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths which penetrate solids and ionizing gases.
What are Computed Tomography (CT scans)?
Uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays in order to reveal small detail about structures in the body.
Patients lie in a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography scanner rotates 360 degrees taking X-rays.
What are Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRIs)?
Functional MRIs can detect the concentration of blood flow in certain part of the body are increasingly being used to study parts of the brain being used for different activities.
What are Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scans)?
Used to diagnose many conditions such as heart disease, the spread of cancer, forms of infection, brain abnormalities, bone disease, and thyroid disease.
Can illustrate physiological activity including nutrient metabolism and blood flow of the organ being targeted whereas CT and MRI scans can only show static images.
What is Ultrasoundography (Ultrasounds)?
Use of high-frequency sound waves to generate an echo signal that is converted by a computer into a real-time image of anatomy and physiology.
- Used to study heart function, blood flow, gallbladder disease, and fetal growth and development.
