Final Exam Practice Questions Flashcards
What is the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in regulating urine volume?
ADH promotes water reabsorption in the collecting ducts
ADH promotes sodium excretion in the distal convoluted tubule
ADH stimulates the kidneys to excrete more urine
ADH decreases sodium reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule
ADH promotes water reabsorption in the collecting ducts
What is the effect of decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) on blood pressure?
Blood pressure decreases as a result of reduced filtration
Blood pressure has no effect from changes in GFR
Blood pressure decreases as a result of sodium excretion
Blood pressure increases due to water retention
Blood pressure increases due to water retention
Which structure of the ear is primarily responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain?
Semicircular canals
Auditory ossicles
Tympanic membrane
Cochlea
Cochlea
Which type of sensory receptor plays a role in human vision?
Nociceptors
Photoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Which of the following levels of structural organization is the largest?
Organ system
Organ
Tissue
Cell
Organ system
During exercise, oxygen delivery to tissues increases due to:
Increased ventilation and an increase in cardiac output
Decreased production of carbon dioxide in the muscles
Decreased pH levels in the blood
An increase in hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen
Increased ventilation and an increase in cardiac output
The “dub” or S2 sound heard during the cardiac cycle is caused by:
The atrial contraction
The closing of the semilunar (pulmonic/aortic) valves
The closing of the atrioventricular (AV) valves
The opening of the semilunar valves
The closing of the semilunar (pulmonic/aortic) valves
A 70-year-old female patient’s blood pressure is recorded at 140/80mmHg. What is the patient’s pulse pressure, and what does this measurement indicate about her cardiovascular health?
Pulse pressure=140mmHg; A high pulse pressure is typical in elderly patients and does not indicate any cardiovascular risk
Pulse pressure=80mmHg; A high pulse pressure could indicate increased risk for cardiovascular events, like heart disease
Pulse pressure=60mmHg; A normal pulse pressure of 40-60mmHg suggests healthy heart function and effective circulation
Pulse pressure=60mmHg; A high pulse pressure indicates low blood volume and poor oxygen delivery to tissues
Pulse pressure=60mmHg; A normal pulse pressure of 40-60mmHg suggests healthy heart function and effective circulation
What happens to the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) when the afferent arteriole dilates?
GFR decreases
Filtration pressure decreases
GFR increases
GFR remains the same
GFR increases
Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in sex development?
It regulates the release of sex hormones, controlling reproductive function.
It stimulates the growth of the uterus and testes
It directly produces sex cells in the ovaries and testes
It initiates menstruation in females only
It regulates the release of sex hormones, controlling reproductive function.
Which term describes the study of the body’s structure at a microscopic level, such as tissues and cells?
Embryology
Physiology
Anatomy
Histology
Histology
The pressure that forces fluid and dissolved substances out of the capillaries into the surrounding tissues is called:
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Blood pressure
Oncotic pressure
Osmotic pressure
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
What is the physiological explanation for why the body increases heart rate in response to a decrease in blood volume (e.g. due to dehydration)?
The body lowers heart rate to prevent excess stress on the heart
The body compensates for lower blood volume by increasing heart rate to maintain adequate cardiac output and tissue perfusion
The brain signals the heart to stop beathing momentarily to allow for fluid absorption
The body slows heart rate to conserve energy
The body compensates for lower blood volume by increasing heart rate to maintain adequate cardiac output and tissue perfusion
Which of the following best describes the function of chemoreceptors in the sensory system?
They detect pain signals and tissue damage
They detect chemicals in the environment, such as odors and tastes
They detect changes in light intensity
They detect mechanical pressure and vibration
They detect chemicals in the environment, such as odors and tastes
What part of the ear is responsible for maintaining balance by detecting head movements?
Tympanic membrane
External auditory canal
Vestibular system (semicircular canals)
Cochlea
Vestibular system (semicircular canals)
Which of the following is the outermost membrane surrounding the heart?
Epicardium
Pericardium
Endocardium
Myocardium
Pericardium
Which of the following is an essential requirement for human life?
Oxygen
Ability to move
Absence of disease
Ability to think
Oxygen
The role of surfactant in the lungs is to:
Reduce surface tension in the alveoli, preventing lung collapse and aiding in lung expansion
Warm and humidify the air entering the lungs
Facilitate the exchange of gases between alveoli and capillaries
Protect the lungs from allergens and bacteria
Reduce surface tension in the alveoli, preventing lung collapse and aiding in lung expansion
What is the primary role of the olfactory receptors in the sense of smell?
To sense temperature changes in the environment
To detect light and colour stimuli
To detect sound vibrations in the air
To detect specific chemical molecules in the air, signaling the brain
To detect specific chemical molecules in the air, signaling the brain
The seminiferous tubules in the testes are primarily responsible for:
Maturation of sperm
Secretion of estrogen
Secretion of testosterone
Production of sperm
Production of sperm
Which of the following statements accurately describes the physiology of taste?
The sensation of taste is processed in the olfactory bulb, which sends signals to the gustatory cortex
Taste receptors on the tongue only detect sweet, sour, salty, and bitter stimuli
The sense of taste is mainly dependent on the ability to detect light through the retina
Taste receptors are specialized to detect specific chemicals dissolved in saliva, and are primarily located in the taste buds
Taste receptors are specialized to detect specific chemicals dissolved in saliva, and are primarily located in the taste buds
Which hormone, secreted by the placenta, is most directly responsible for the maintenance of the corpus luteum in early pregnancy?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Prolactin
Estrogen
Progesterone
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Which of the following structures in the respiratory system is responsible for warming and moistening the air as it enters the body?
Trachea
Nasal passages
Alveoli
Lungs
Nasal passages
During lactation, the initial secretion of colostrum is critical for infant health. Which of the following is a key component of colostrum?
High levels of immunoglobulins for immune protection
High amounts of lactose to provide energy
Large quantities of fat to support rapid weight gain
High levels of vitamin D for bone growth
High levels of immunoglobulins for immune protection
Which of the following is the correct order of airflow from the trachea to the alveoli?
Trachea > Bronchi > Bronchioles > Alveolar ducts > Alveoli
Trachea > Alveoli > Bronchioles > Bronchi
Trachea > Bronchioles > Alveoli > Alveolar sacs
Trachea > Bronchi > Alveoli
Trachea > Bronchi > Bronchioles > Alveolar ducts > Alveoli
Which body plane divides the body into right and left portions?
Frontal plane
Coronal plane
Sagittal plane
Transverse plane
Sagittal plane
During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, the corpus luteum secretes:
Progesterone
Luteinizing hormone
Estrogen
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Progesterone
Which of the following structures is responsible for storing and maturing sperm?
Vas deferens
Urethra
Epididymis
Seminal vesicles
Epididymis
Airway dilation is primarily controlled by:
The release of adrenaline and vasoconstriction
The parasympathetic nervous system and acetylcholine release
Smooth muscle relaxation and sympathetic nervous system activation
The vagus nerve and histamine release
Smooth muscle relaxation and sympathetic nervous system activation
The process of implantation involves the blastocyst embedding itself into which layer of the uterus?
Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium
Parietal peritoneum
Endometrium
Sperm and ova are similar in terms of ________.
Chromosome number
Size
Quantity produced per year
Flagellar motility
Chromosome number
Which of the following describes the relationship between anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy and physiology are completely independent fields
Anatomy focuses on the structure of the body, while physiology focuses on how the body functions
Anatomy studies only the human body, while physiology studies all living organisms
Anatomy focuses on how the body works, while physiology focuses on structure
Anatomy focuses on the structure of the body, while physiology focuses on how the body functions
Carbon dioxide is primarily transported in the blood in which form?
Dissolved in plasma
As bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
Bound to hemoglobin
Bound to albumin
As bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
The ovarian system’s primary function is to:
Store eggs
Produce sperm
Stimulate the release of FSH
Produce estrogen and progesterone
Produce estrogen and progesterone
In the visual system, which of the following best describes the function of the rods in the retina?
They detect colour and fine detail
They detect movement and help with peripheral vision
They detect light intensity and are responsible for vision in low light conditions
They transmit visual information to the auditory cortex for integration
They detect light intensity and are responsible for vision in low light conditions
The process by which light is focused on the retina to form clear images in primarily facilitated by which structure in the eye?
Cornea
Retina
Optic nerve
Iris
Cornea
Which of the following structures serves as the site of fertilization in the female reproductive system?
Fallopian tubes
Ovaries
Vagina
Uterus
Fallopian tubes
The cardiovascular centers in the brainstem regulate heart rate by controlling:
The release of hormones that directly impact the heart’s rhythm
The activity of the autonomic nervous system, specifically the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
The flow of blood through the coronary arteries
The force of ventricular contraction only
The activity of the autonomic nervous system, specifically the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
Which of the following best describes the key event during the isovolumetric contraction phase of the cardiac cycle?
Blood enters the ventricles from the atria
The atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles
The semilunar valves open and blood is ejected from the ventricles
The ventricles contract, but all valves are closed, causing pressure to rise
The ventricles contract, but all valves are closed, causing pressure to rise
What is the primary role of arterioles in the vascular system?
To carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues
To exchange nutrients and gases between blood and tissues
To control the distribution of blood to various tissues by constricting and dilating
To return deoxygenated blood to the heart
To control the distribution of blood to various tissues by constricting and dilating
During pregnancy, the mother experiences increased blood volume. This change helps to:
Maintain blood pressure at normal levels
Improve renal function
Decrease heart rate
Increase maternal circulation to support the fetus
Increase maternal circulation to support the fetus
In the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood because:
The concentration of nitrogen is higher in the alveoli
The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is higher than in the blood
The partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is higher than in the alveoli
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is higher than in the blood
The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is higher than in the blood
Which of the following best describes Anatomy?
The study of the structure of the body and its parts
The study of how the body functions
The study of the nervous system
The study of the cells and tissues in the body
The study of the structure of the body and its parts
Which of the following best describes how the diameter of blood vessels affects blood flow?
As the diameter of the blood vessel increases, blood flow decreases
Blood flow is independent of the blood vessel diameter
A decrease in vessel diameter has no effect on blood flow
As the diameter of the blood vessel increases, blood flow increases
As the diameter of the blood vessel increases, blood flow increases
How does the process of vasodilation help to regulate body temperature?
It reduces sweating to prevent excessive fluid loss
It reduces blood flow to the skin, conserving body heat in the core
It increases blood flow to the skin, allowing heat to be lost more effectively through radiation and convection
It increases heart rate, causing more heat to be generated internally
It increases blood flow to the skin, allowing heat to be lost more effectively through radiation and convection
Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing?
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Cerebrum
Medulla oblongata
Medulla oblongata
The transition from the fetal circulatory system to the neonatal system involves the closure of which of the following structures?
Placenta and umbilical cord
Umbilical artery and vein
Umbilical vein and hepatic portal vein
Foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, and ductus venosus
Foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, and ductus venosus
What is the primary physiological role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of the menstrual cycle?
Releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to stimulate the release of FSH and LH
Secretes estrogen to regulate the menstrual cycle
Directly stimulates the ovaries to release eggs
Secretes progesterone to maintain the endometrial lining
Releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to stimulate the release of FSH and LH
Which of the following hormones is primarily involved in the regulation of sperm production in males?
Progesterone
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Testosterone
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Which of the following is the correct sequence for the stages of fetal heart development?
Formation of the heart tube > atrial septation > formation of coronary circulation
Formation of the four-chambered heart > atrial and ventricular septation > closure of fetal shunts
Looping of the heart tube > formation of the septal valves > closure of the ductus arteriosus
Formation of the heart tube > folding and looping > atrial and ventricular septation
Formation of the heart tube > folding and looping > atrial and ventricular septation
What is the most accurate description of blood pressure?
Blood pressure measures the force of blood against the venous and arterial walls
Blood pressure measures the force of blood through the body
Blood pressure measures the force of the blood going into the heart
Blood pressure measures the force of the blood against the arterial walls
Blood pressure measures the force of the blood against the arterial walls
A 60-year-old male patient has a blood pressure reading of 164/96mmHg. What might an increase in pulse pressure (the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures) indicate in this patient?
It suggests that the patient has a healthy heart and no cardiovascular issues
It could indicate a stiffening of the arteries, often seen in conditions like atherosclerosis or hypertension
It suggests the heart is pumping with less force, which could indicate heart failure
It is a sign of low blood volume, which typically occurs with dehydration
It could indicate a stiffening of the arteries, often seen in conditions like atherosclerosis or hypertension
What specialized structures help guide the oocyte from the ovary into the uterine tube?
Fimbriae
Uterine ligaments
Muscular contraction aides this process
Cilia
Fimbriae
Which factor primarily influences the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the kidneys?
Oxygen levels in the renal medulla
Sodium concentration in the distal convoluted tubule
Blood pressure in the glomerulus
Renal pH levels
Blood pressure in the glomerulus
Why does the body decrease respiratory rate when blood carbon dioxide (CO2) levels drop below normal?
To retain carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood and maintain proper pH balance
To reduce oxygen consumption and prevent the body from becoming hypoxic
To increase the body’s metabolic rate and produce more energy
To allow the lungs time to process excess oxygen
To retain carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood and maintain proper pH balance
Which of the following is the primary function of the testes?
Maturation of sperm
Secretion of prolactin
Production of testosterone
Production of estrogen
Maturation of sperm
Which of the following is TRUE about the movement of molecules in the nephron?
The descending loop of Henle is impermeable to water
Water reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule
Filtration of glucose occurs at the loop of Henle
Active transport is used to reabsorb sodium in the collecting duct
Water reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule
Which of the following is NOT a substance typically eliminated by the kidneys in urine?
Creatinine
Potassium
Glucose
Urea
Glucose
The pleurae of the lungs are responsible for:
Protecting the lungs from infection
Regulating airflow in and out of the lungs
Filtering blood before it reaches the lungs
Facilitating smooth lung expansion and contraction by reducing friction between the lungs and chest wall
Facilitating smooth lung expansion and contraction by reducing friction between the lungs and chest wall
Which blood vessels serve the lower limbs by supplying oxygenated blood?
Subclavian arteries
Femoral arteries
Pulmonary veins
Carotid arteries
Femoral arteries
The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve demonstrates that hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen:
Decreases as the pH of the blood becomes more alkaline
Decreases as the partial pressure of oxygen increases
Increases as the partial pressure of carbon dioxide rises
Decreases with higher temperatures (i.e. during fever)
Decreases with higher temperatures (i.e. during fever)
The hepatic portal system functions to:
Return deoxygenated blood to the heart from the lower body
Transport oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetal heart
Direct blood flow from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver for detoxification and nutrient processing
Circulate oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
Direct blood flow from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver for detoxification and nutrient processing
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events after fertilization?
Embryonic development → Implantation → Fertilization
Fertilization → Implantation → Embryonic development
Implantation → Embryonic development → Fertilization
Fertilization → Embryonic development → Implantation
Fertilization → Implantation → Embryonic development
The differentiation of the male and female reproductive systems is influenced primarily by:
Environmental factors
The number of sex chromosomes
The presence of the Y chromosome and testosterone
Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus
The presence of the Y chromosome and testosterone
Which of the following blood vessels carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body?
Superior vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Aorta
Pulmonary vein
Aorta
Which hormone is released by the kidneys to stimulate the production of red blood cells in response to low oxygen levels?
Renin
Erythropoietin
Aldosterone
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Erythropoietin
As sperm first reach the oocyte, they will contact the _______.
Acrosome
Zona pellucida
Corona radiata
Sperm-binding receptors
Corona radiata
In fetal circulation, the ductus arteriosus serves to:
Deliver blood from the left ventricle to the brain
Bypass the lungs by connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta
Allow oxygenated blood from the placenta to enter the heart directly
Direct blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium
Bypass the lungs by connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta
The most critical period of development for the embryo, during which organ systems begin to form, occurs in which trimester?
Third trimester
Postpartum
Second trimester
First trimester
First trimester
Which structure in the heart prevents backflow of blood into the right atria?
Mitral valve
Pulmonary valve
Tricuspid valve
Aortic valve
Tricuspid valve
A 50-year-old male patient with a history of hypertension has a blood pressure of 160/88 mmHg. What is the patient’s Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), and why is it an important indicator of tissue perfusion?
MAP=120mmHg; MAP helps evaluate the effectiveness of the heart’s ability to circulate blood to vital organs
MAP=160mmHg; MAP is useful for determining the heart’s rate and rhythm
MAP=140mmHg; MAP is used to estimate the patient’s oxygen levels
MAP=112mmHg; MAP helps assess the average pressure in the arteries during a single cardiac cycle, important for tissue perfusion
MAP=112mmHg; MAP helps assess the average pressure in the arteries during a single cardiac cycle, important for tissue perfusion
Which of the following statements about the changes that occur during pregnancy is correct?
The volume of blood in the body decreases, leading to lower blood pressure.
Maternal weight gain during pregnancy is primarily caused by fluid loss.
The volume of urine produced by the kidneys decreases during pregnancy.
The enlarging uterus can cause the displacement of the bladder, leading to increased frequency of urination.
The enlarging uterus can cause the displacement of the bladder, leading to increased frequency of urination.
Which of the following best describes the primary function of arteries?
To exchange gases, nutrients and waste products with tissues
To return deoxygenated blood from the organs to the heart
To regulate blood flow based on the body’s immediate needs
To carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the organs and tissues
To carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the organs and tissues
The movement of which ion primarily contributes to the plateau phase (Phase 2) of the action potential in cardiac muscle cells?
Potassium (K+)
Chloride (Cl-)
Calcium (Ca+2)
Sodium (Na+)
Calcium (Ca+2)
The term “proximal” refers to a position that is:
Away from the body’s center
Closer to the point of attachment or origin
Closer to the surface of the body
Further from the midline of the body
Closer to the point of attachment or origin
What ion is most important in creating the membrane potential of cardiac contractile cells during depolarization?
Calcium (Ca+2)
Potassium (K+)
Chloride (Cl-)
Sodium (Na+)
Sodium (Na+)
How do the kidneys contribute to blood pressure regulation?
By directly controlling heart rate through the renin-angiotensin system
By secreting aldosterone to increase sodium retention
By filtering excess hydrogen ions to maintain pH balance
By adjusting the filtration rate of oxygen
By secreting aldosterone to increase sodium retention
In medical imaging, which technique uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of internal body structures?
X-Ray
Computed Tomography (CT) Scan
Ultrasound
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Ultrasound
Which of the following blood vessels has the thickest muscular layer to accommodate the high pressure from the heart’s pumping action?
Capillaries
Arteries
Venules
Veins
Arteries
Airway constriction, which narrows the air passages, is often caused by:
Increased lung compliance and surfactant production
Smooth muscle relaxation in the bronchioles
The release of epinephrine and beta-2 agonist activity
Inflammation, increased mucus production, or the parasympathetic nervous system response
Inflammation, increased mucus production, or the parasympathetic nervous system response
Which of the following accurately describes the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the establishment of normal sinus rhythm?
The SA node slows down electrical impulses, regulating heart rate during rest
The SA node receives signals from the vagus nerve to slow heart rate
The SA node only controls the rate of ventricular contraction
The SA node generates electrical impulses that trigger atrial contraction and set the rhythm of the heart
The SA node generates electrical impulses that trigger atrial contraction and set the rhythm of the heart
What is the primary effect of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) on blood pressure?
It increases blood volume and raises blood pressure
It increases sodium excretion and reduces blood pressure
It has no significant effect on blood pressure
It decreases blood volume and lowers blood pressure
It increases blood volume and raises blood pressure
Which of the following is the functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and producing urine?
Nephron
Ureter
Renal corpuscle
Renal pelvis
Nephron
What is the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment?
Adaptation
Homeostasis
Metabolism
Differentiation
Homeostasis
Why does the body increase heart rate in response to physical activity?
To prevent the body from overheating during exercise
To circulate more oxygen to the tissues and remove metabolic waste products more efficiently
To reduce the respiratory rate and allow more efficient gas exchange
To promote the breakdown of fat cells for energy
To circulate more oxygen to the tissues and remove metabolic waste products more efficiently
