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Psychology 1B > Week 1- Development > Flashcards

Week 1- Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Gestation period

A

The prenatal period, before birth

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2
Q

Stage 1 prenatal: Germinal period

A

0-2 weeks- Fertilised egg implants in the uterus

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3
Q

Stage 2 prenatal: embryonic period

A

Week 3-8 development of CNS and organs, and heart beating

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4
Q

Stage 3 prenatal: fetal period

A

Week 9- birth: muscular development

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5
Q

Environmental agents that harm the embryo/fetus

A

Teratogens

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6
Q

Examples of teratogens

A

Alcohol, drugs, radiation, viruses, smoking and maternal stress

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7
Q

The _______ effects appear to be highest during early weeks of pregnancy….

A

Teratogenic

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8
Q

Relfex: Infant turns their head and open their mouth, ready to suck

A

Rooting reflex

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9
Q

Reflex: infant suck rhythmically in response to stimulus 3-4cm inside their mouth

A

Sucking reflex

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10
Q

Motor skills progress—–

A

Head to toe

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11
Q

A disease in which immature brainstem fails to ‘jumpstart’

A

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

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12
Q

Female- onset of menstration
Male- sperm production

A

Puberty

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13
Q

Early pubertal development in _____ tends to be associated with positive outcomes, but negative outcomes for ________

A

Males, females

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14
Q

Genetically programmed maturation

A

Nature

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15
Q

Learning and experience in maturation

A

Nuture

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16
Q

Biologically based change that follows an orderly sequence

A

Maturation

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17
Q

Genes influence the environments people choose or experiences to which they’re exposed

A

Gene-environment correlations

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18
Q

The absence of normal input

A

Deprivation

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19
Q

Periods central to specific types of learning that modify future developmenta

A

Critical periods

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20
Q

Periods that are particularly important but not definitive for subsequent development

A

Sensitive periods

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21
Q

The ability to associate sensations of an object from different senses

A

Inter-modal understanding

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22
Q

Infants matching own actions to behaviours they have observed

A

Inter-modal processing

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23
Q

A phenomenon where people lack explicit memory for events before age 3 or 4

A

Infantile amnesia

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24
Q

The ability to retrieve memories despite changes in the cues that were present at encoding

A

Representational flexibility

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25
Q

Memories that can be consciously recalled

A

Explicit memories

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26
Q

Memory expressed in behaviour that may not be represented consciously

A

Implicit memory

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27
Q

____ memory involves information held briefly in consciousness

A

Working memory

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28
Q

What memory is the slowest developing memory system in development

A

Working memory

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29
Q

Cognitive adoption by interpreting actions or events in terms of one person’s schema

A

Assimilation

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30
Q

An organised, exercised pattern of thought or behaviour

A

Schema

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31
Q

Cognitive adaptive process of modification of schemas to fit reality

A

Accommodation

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32
Q

The driving forced behind cognitive developmet- balancing to adapt to the world

A

Equilibration

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33
Q

Stage where infants think with their hands, mouths and senses (0-2)

A

Sensorimotor stage

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34
Q

Infants learn about the world by mouthing, grasping, watching and manipulating objects

A

Sensorimotor stage

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35
Q

A major achievement of the sensorimotor stage

A

Object permanence

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36
Q

Recognition that objects exist in time and space independent of the child’s action

A

Object permanence

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37
Q

Cognitive stage which is characterised by the emergency of symbolic thought

A

Preoperational stage

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38
Q

Stage where children can play with the world in their minds and no longer have to think exclusively with their hands or mouths

A

Preoperational stage

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39
Q

The tendency to focus, centre on one perceptually striking feature of an object without considering other relevant information

A

Centration

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40
Q

Stage where a child cannot coordinate different physical attributes of an object or different perspectives

A

Preoperational stage

41
Q

Stage where child is able to perform reversible mental operations

A

Concrete operational

42
Q

Stage where child develops conservation and apply logic to concrete situations

A

Concrete operational

43
Q

2 stages where children are egocentric

A

Sensorimotor and preoperational

44
Q

Cognitive development stage where adolescent can apply logic more abstractly and hypothetical thinking develops

A

Formal operational 12+

45
Q

This question is an example of what? -If Henry is taller than Jack and Jack is taller then Claude, which boy is the shortest?

A

Transitivity

46
Q

In what stage do children understand transitivity?

A

Concrete operational

47
Q

A hallmark mark of what stage is the ability to frame hypotheses and figure how to test them systematically?

A

Formal operational stage

48
Q

Parenting style where parents place a high value on obedience and respect for authority.

A

Authoritarian

49
Q

Parenting style where do not encourage discussion of why particular behaviours are important nor listen to child’s viewpoint

A

Authoritarian

50
Q

Parenting which imposes a set ofnstandard to which they expect their children to adhere and are more likely to punish their children frequently and physically

A

Authoritarian

51
Q

Parenting style which imposes no controls on their children allowing them to make their own decisions whenever possible

A

Permissive

52
Q

Parenting style which tend to accept their children’s impulsive behaviours, including angry and aggressive ones, and rarely dole out punishment

A

Permissive

53
Q

Parenting style which sets standards for their children’s and firmly.encourage them

A

Authoritative

54
Q

Parenting style which encourage give-and- take and explain their views while showing respect to their children’s viewpoint

A

Authoritative

55
Q

Parenting style which consistently place their own needs above the needs of their child

A

Uninvolved

56
Q

Parenting style leading to self-controlled, independent, curious and sociable children

A

Authoritative

57
Q

Parenting style that leads to children with low independence, vulnerability to stress, low self esteem

A

Authoritarian

58
Q

A senses that one has little control over what happens in life

A

External locus of control

59
Q

Parenting style that leads to children with low self reliance, low impulse control and trouble with substance abuse

A

Permissive

60
Q

Parenting style that leads to children with lownself esteem and aggressive behaviour

A

Uninvolved

61
Q

Recommended approach to parenting- helping children manage emotions, cooperate with others and think about the effects of their behaviour on pthers

A

Guidance approach

62
Q

The process by which children learn rules, beliefs, values, skills and attitutudes

A

Socialisation

63
Q

The process by which children acquire personality traits, emotional responses, skills, behaviours and preferences regarding sex that culture considers appropriate

A

Sex typing

64
Q

Harry & Margaret Barlow’s experiment

A

Monkey, wire mother and cloth mother attachment

65
Q

Bowlby Attachment: variety of signals helps bring and keep close proximity to adult. Attachment not yet formed

A

Preattachment

66
Q

Bowlby Attachment: responds differently to strangers, expectations that caregiver will respond

A

Attachment in the making (6wks-8mnth)

67
Q

Bowlby Attachment: separation anxiety. Understand caregiver continues to exist. Act to maintain caregiver presence

A

Clear cut attachment (18-24mnths)

68
Q

Bowlby Attachment: understand reasons for parents coming and going. Negotiate

A

Formation of reciprocal relationship

69
Q

Ainsworth attachment-
Using parent as secure base. Distress in absence but settles quickly on return. Playful, exploration orientated, sociable

A

Secure attachment (60%)

70
Q

Ainsworth attachment: unresponsive to parent, avoid or slow to greet on reunion, maintains close proximity but avoids close contact

A

Avoidant attachment (15%)

71
Q

Ainsworth attachment: seeks closeness (clingy), fails to explore, angry, resistive on return. Difficult to comfort

A

Resistant attachment (10%)

72
Q

Ainsworth attachment: greatest insecurity, confused behaviour regard approach vs avoidance. Eg. Looks away when held, cry after being calmed, dazed facial expression

A

Disorgansied/disorientated attachment (15%)

73
Q

Three main types of research design used by developmental psychologists

A

Cross sectional, longitudinal and sequential

74
Q

Studies that compare groups of participants pfndifferent ages at a single to see whether differences exist among them

A

Cross sectional

75
Q

Major limitation of cross sectional

A

It does not directly assess age changes, thus vulnerable to confounding variables

76
Q

Studies that assess the same individuals over time, providing the opportunity to assess age changes rather than differences

A

Longitudinal studies

77
Q

Major limitations to longitudinal studies

A

Vulnerable to cohort effects.

78
Q

Studies that study multiple cohorts longitudinally

A

Sequential studies

79
Q

Limitation of sequential studies

A

They take years or decades to complete

80
Q

The tendency for children to focus on one feature of an object without considering other features

a) preoperational stage
b) assimilation
c) accommodation
d) centration

A

D. Centration

81
Q

Which of the following are an example of a reflex?

a) sucking
b) crying
c) grasping
d) all of the above

A

D) all of the above

82
Q

Jessica is researching developmental changes over time and interviews a group of participants aged between 20-30, another group aged 50-60 and another group aged between 80-90. Jessica is using…

a) a longitudinal research design
b) Cross sectional research design
c) multi-factorials research design
d) a sequential design

A

B) Cross sectional design

83
Q

The typical sequence of physical milestones in childhood are:

a) crawling, sits alone, lifts chin, stands with support
b) lifts chin, sits alone, crawling, stands with support
c) stands with support, crawling, lifts chin, sits alone
d) lifts chin, crawling, sits alone, stands with support

A

B) lifts chin, sits alone, crawling, stands with support

84
Q

If a child asks their parent why they are not allowed to play outside and their parent responds with “because I said so”, their parenting style is most likely

a) authoritarian
b) permissive
c) authoritative
d) neglectful/uninvolved

A

A) authoritarian

85
Q

An environmental factor or substances that can harm a foetus is called a

a) embryonic period
b) foetal alcohol syndrome
c) teratogen
d) genetic substance

A

C) teratogen

86
Q

Tate’s mother leaves Tate in a room and when she returns Tate ignores her. According to Bowlbys theory, Tate is likely to be at which stage of attachment?

a) secure
b) avoidant
c) ambivalent
d) disorganised

A

B) avoidant

87
Q

According to Piaget a schema is

a) a stage of childhood development
b) an organised pattern of thought
c) when children can perceive abstract ideas
d) when children think with their hands and mouth

A

B) an organised pattern of thought

88
Q

Sequential design minimises________ by studying multiple cohorts longitudinally

a) cohort effects
b) experimenter bias
c) statistical significance
d) influence of nature

A

A) cohort effects

89
Q

According to Piaget, children who are able to manipulate abstract ideas as well as concrete ideas are in which cognitive stage?

a) sensorimotor stage
b) preoperational stage
c) concrete operational stage
d) formal operational stage

A

D) formal operational stage

90
Q

Times that are more important to subsequent human development than others, although not the absolute gatekeepers of psychological growth are referred to as:

a. Developmental stages
b. Critical periods
c. Growth spurts
d. Sensitive periods

A

D. Sensitive periods

91
Q

Research suggests that development during childhood appears to be _____. In adulthood, individuals appear to develop _____.

a. Stage like; in alternative directions
b. Continuous; unpredictably
c. Flexible; inflexibly
d. Discontinous; continuously

A

A. Stage like; in alternative directions

92
Q

Which type of study compares groups of subjects of different ages at a single time, to see whether differences exist among them?

a. Cross- sectional
b. Cross-cultural
c. Longitudinal
d. Sequential

A

A. Cross sectional

93
Q

A team of researchers is interested in studying the development of TV watching and aggressive behaviour in preschoolers. They select a group of three year olds, four year olds and five year olds, and examine both their TV watching and level of aggressiveness after one year, two years and three years of time
This study is best described as a:

a. Sequential study
b. Cross sectional study
c. Longitudinal study
d. Cohort study

A

A. Sequential study

94
Q

Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages of prenatal development?

a. Fetal, embryonic, germinal
b. Embryonic, germinal, fetal
c. Germinal, fetal, embryonic
d. Germinal, embryonic, fetal

A

D. Germinal, embryonic, fetal

95
Q

With regars to the difference between boys and girls, which is true?

a. Boys and Girls grow at the same rate until 10
b. The growth spurt starts later for boys
c. Puberty, on average, occurs earlier in girls
d. All of the options listed

A

D. All of the options listed

96
Q

Piaget referred to the process of modifying schemas to fit reality as:

a. Adaptation
b. Accommodation
c. Assimilation
d. Equilibration

A

B. Accommodation

97
Q

Vygotskys sociocultural theory of cognitive development emphasises the role of _______ in learning.

a. Cognitive strategies
b. Automatic processing
c. Social interaction
d. Independent thinking

A

C. Social interaction

98
Q

Research suggest that attention, visual, spatial and perceptual skill can be increased from:

a. One on one tutoring
b. Participating in team sports
c. Experiential learning
d. Playing action- based video games

A

D. Playing action based video games

Psychology 1B (5 decks)

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