Week 1- Development Flashcards
Gestation period
The prenatal period, before birth
Stage 1 prenatal: Germinal period
0-2 weeks- Fertilised egg implants in the uterus
Stage 2 prenatal: embryonic period
Week 3-8 development of CNS and organs, and heart beating
Stage 3 prenatal: fetal period
Week 9- birth: muscular development
Environmental agents that harm the embryo/fetus
Teratogens
Examples of teratogens
Alcohol, drugs, radiation, viruses, smoking and maternal stress
The _______ effects appear to be highest during early weeks of pregnancy….
Teratogenic
Relfex: Infant turns their head and open their mouth, ready to suck
Rooting reflex
Reflex: infant suck rhythmically in response to stimulus 3-4cm inside their mouth
Sucking reflex
Motor skills progress—–
Head to toe
A disease in which immature brainstem fails to ‘jumpstart’
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Female- onset of menstration
Male- sperm production
Puberty
Early pubertal development in _____ tends to be associated with positive outcomes, but negative outcomes for ________
Males, females
Genetically programmed maturation
Nature
Learning and experience in maturation
Nuture
Biologically based change that follows an orderly sequence
Maturation
Genes influence the environments people choose or experiences to which they’re exposed
Gene-environment correlations
The absence of normal input
Deprivation
Periods central to specific types of learning that modify future developmenta
Critical periods
Periods that are particularly important but not definitive for subsequent development
Sensitive periods
The ability to associate sensations of an object from different senses
Inter-modal understanding
Infants matching own actions to behaviours they have observed
Inter-modal processing
A phenomenon where people lack explicit memory for events before age 3 or 4
Infantile amnesia
The ability to retrieve memories despite changes in the cues that were present at encoding
Representational flexibility
Memories that can be consciously recalled
Explicit memories
Memory expressed in behaviour that may not be represented consciously
Implicit memory
____ memory involves information held briefly in consciousness
Working memory
What memory is the slowest developing memory system in development
Working memory
Cognitive adoption by interpreting actions or events in terms of one person’s schema
Assimilation
An organised, exercised pattern of thought or behaviour
Schema
Cognitive adaptive process of modification of schemas to fit reality
Accommodation
The driving forced behind cognitive developmet- balancing to adapt to the world
Equilibration
Stage where infants think with their hands, mouths and senses (0-2)
Sensorimotor stage
Infants learn about the world by mouthing, grasping, watching and manipulating objects
Sensorimotor stage
A major achievement of the sensorimotor stage
Object permanence
Recognition that objects exist in time and space independent of the child’s action
Object permanence
Cognitive stage which is characterised by the emergency of symbolic thought
Preoperational stage
Stage where children can play with the world in their minds and no longer have to think exclusively with their hands or mouths
Preoperational stage
The tendency to focus, centre on one perceptually striking feature of an object without considering other relevant information
Centration
Stage where a child cannot coordinate different physical attributes of an object or different perspectives
Preoperational stage
Stage where child is able to perform reversible mental operations
Concrete operational
Stage where child develops conservation and apply logic to concrete situations
Concrete operational
2 stages where children are egocentric
Sensorimotor and preoperational
Cognitive development stage where adolescent can apply logic more abstractly and hypothetical thinking develops
Formal operational 12+
This question is an example of what? -If Henry is taller than Jack and Jack is taller then Claude, which boy is the shortest?
Transitivity
In what stage do children understand transitivity?
Concrete operational
A hallmark mark of what stage is the ability to frame hypotheses and figure how to test them systematically?
Formal operational stage
Parenting style where parents place a high value on obedience and respect for authority.
Authoritarian
Parenting style where do not encourage discussion of why particular behaviours are important nor listen to child’s viewpoint
Authoritarian
Parenting which imposes a set ofnstandard to which they expect their children to adhere and are more likely to punish their children frequently and physically
Authoritarian
Parenting style which imposes no controls on their children allowing them to make their own decisions whenever possible
Permissive
Parenting style which tend to accept their children’s impulsive behaviours, including angry and aggressive ones, and rarely dole out punishment
Permissive
Parenting style which sets standards for their children’s and firmly.encourage them
Authoritative
Parenting style which encourage give-and- take and explain their views while showing respect to their children’s viewpoint
Authoritative
Parenting style which consistently place their own needs above the needs of their child
Uninvolved
Parenting style leading to self-controlled, independent, curious and sociable children
Authoritative
Parenting style that leads to children with low independence, vulnerability to stress, low self esteem
Authoritarian
A senses that one has little control over what happens in life
External locus of control
Parenting style that leads to children with low self reliance, low impulse control and trouble with substance abuse
Permissive
Parenting style that leads to children with lownself esteem and aggressive behaviour
Uninvolved
Recommended approach to parenting- helping children manage emotions, cooperate with others and think about the effects of their behaviour on pthers
Guidance approach
The process by which children learn rules, beliefs, values, skills and attitutudes
Socialisation
The process by which children acquire personality traits, emotional responses, skills, behaviours and preferences regarding sex that culture considers appropriate
Sex typing
Harry & Margaret Barlow’s experiment
Monkey, wire mother and cloth mother attachment
Bowlby Attachment: variety of signals helps bring and keep close proximity to adult. Attachment not yet formed
Preattachment
Bowlby Attachment: responds differently to strangers, expectations that caregiver will respond
Attachment in the making (6wks-8mnth)
Bowlby Attachment: separation anxiety. Understand caregiver continues to exist. Act to maintain caregiver presence
Clear cut attachment (18-24mnths)
Bowlby Attachment: understand reasons for parents coming and going. Negotiate
Formation of reciprocal relationship
Ainsworth attachment-
Using parent as secure base. Distress in absence but settles quickly on return. Playful, exploration orientated, sociable
Secure attachment (60%)
Ainsworth attachment: unresponsive to parent, avoid or slow to greet on reunion, maintains close proximity but avoids close contact
Avoidant attachment (15%)
Ainsworth attachment: seeks closeness (clingy), fails to explore, angry, resistive on return. Difficult to comfort
Resistant attachment (10%)
Ainsworth attachment: greatest insecurity, confused behaviour regard approach vs avoidance. Eg. Looks away when held, cry after being calmed, dazed facial expression
Disorgansied/disorientated attachment (15%)
Three main types of research design used by developmental psychologists
Cross sectional, longitudinal and sequential
Studies that compare groups of participants pfndifferent ages at a single to see whether differences exist among them
Cross sectional
Major limitation of cross sectional
It does not directly assess age changes, thus vulnerable to confounding variables
Studies that assess the same individuals over time, providing the opportunity to assess age changes rather than differences
Longitudinal studies
Major limitations to longitudinal studies
Vulnerable to cohort effects.
Studies that study multiple cohorts longitudinally
Sequential studies
Limitation of sequential studies
They take years or decades to complete
The tendency for children to focus on one feature of an object without considering other features
a) preoperational stage
b) assimilation
c) accommodation
d) centration
D. Centration
Which of the following are an example of a reflex?
a) sucking
b) crying
c) grasping
d) all of the above
D) all of the above
Jessica is researching developmental changes over time and interviews a group of participants aged between 20-30, another group aged 50-60 and another group aged between 80-90. Jessica is using…
a) a longitudinal research design
b) Cross sectional research design
c) multi-factorials research design
d) a sequential design
B) Cross sectional design
The typical sequence of physical milestones in childhood are:
a) crawling, sits alone, lifts chin, stands with support
b) lifts chin, sits alone, crawling, stands with support
c) stands with support, crawling, lifts chin, sits alone
d) lifts chin, crawling, sits alone, stands with support
B) lifts chin, sits alone, crawling, stands with support
If a child asks their parent why they are not allowed to play outside and their parent responds with “because I said so”, their parenting style is most likely
a) authoritarian
b) permissive
c) authoritative
d) neglectful/uninvolved
A) authoritarian
An environmental factor or substances that can harm a foetus is called a
a) embryonic period
b) foetal alcohol syndrome
c) teratogen
d) genetic substance
C) teratogen
Tate’s mother leaves Tate in a room and when she returns Tate ignores her. According to Bowlbys theory, Tate is likely to be at which stage of attachment?
a) secure
b) avoidant
c) ambivalent
d) disorganised
B) avoidant
According to Piaget a schema is
a) a stage of childhood development
b) an organised pattern of thought
c) when children can perceive abstract ideas
d) when children think with their hands and mouth
B) an organised pattern of thought
Sequential design minimises________ by studying multiple cohorts longitudinally
a) cohort effects
b) experimenter bias
c) statistical significance
d) influence of nature
A) cohort effects
According to Piaget, children who are able to manipulate abstract ideas as well as concrete ideas are in which cognitive stage?
a) sensorimotor stage
b) preoperational stage
c) concrete operational stage
d) formal operational stage
D) formal operational stage
Times that are more important to subsequent human development than others, although not the absolute gatekeepers of psychological growth are referred to as:
a. Developmental stages
b. Critical periods
c. Growth spurts
d. Sensitive periods
D. Sensitive periods
Research suggests that development during childhood appears to be _____. In adulthood, individuals appear to develop _____.
a. Stage like; in alternative directions
b. Continuous; unpredictably
c. Flexible; inflexibly
d. Discontinous; continuously
A. Stage like; in alternative directions
Which type of study compares groups of subjects of different ages at a single time, to see whether differences exist among them?
a. Cross- sectional
b. Cross-cultural
c. Longitudinal
d. Sequential
A. Cross sectional
A team of researchers is interested in studying the development of TV watching and aggressive behaviour in preschoolers. They select a group of three year olds, four year olds and five year olds, and examine both their TV watching and level of aggressiveness after one year, two years and three years of time
This study is best described as a:
a. Sequential study
b. Cross sectional study
c. Longitudinal study
d. Cohort study
A. Sequential study
Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages of prenatal development?
a. Fetal, embryonic, germinal
b. Embryonic, germinal, fetal
c. Germinal, fetal, embryonic
d. Germinal, embryonic, fetal
D. Germinal, embryonic, fetal
With regars to the difference between boys and girls, which is true?
a. Boys and Girls grow at the same rate until 10
b. The growth spurt starts later for boys
c. Puberty, on average, occurs earlier in girls
d. All of the options listed
D. All of the options listed
Piaget referred to the process of modifying schemas to fit reality as:
a. Adaptation
b. Accommodation
c. Assimilation
d. Equilibration
B. Accommodation
Vygotskys sociocultural theory of cognitive development emphasises the role of _______ in learning.
a. Cognitive strategies
b. Automatic processing
c. Social interaction
d. Independent thinking
C. Social interaction
Research suggest that attention, visual, spatial and perceptual skill can be increased from:
a. One on one tutoring
b. Participating in team sports
c. Experiential learning
d. Playing action- based video games
D. Playing action based video games
