Personality Flashcards
Personality traits
Emotional, cognitive, and behavioural tendencies
Personality mechanisms
Input, decision rules, output
Personality Influenced interactions
Perception, selection, evocation and manipulation
Personality
The enduring pattern of thought, feeling, motivation and behaviour that are expressed in different circumstances
The organisation of enduring patterns of thought, feeling, motivation and behaviour
Structure of personality
Personality psychologist had two aims- to describe 1) and study 2)
1) structure of personality
2) individual differences
5 Basic elements of personality
Motives, thoughts, feelings, traits and behaviour
Whos personality theory? A trait is a group of correlated habits
Eysenck theory
According to Eysnecks theory- Extroversion/introversion is a ______ trait
Type or Super trait
Trait referring to a tendency to be sociable, active and willing to take risks.
Extroversion
Trait characterised by social inhibition, seriousness and caution
Introversion
_______ defines a continuum from emotional stability to instability
Neuroticism
Trait where people report feeling anxious, guilty, tense and moody and low self esteem
High neuroticism
Eysencks -Psychological trait where people are aggressive, egocentric, impulsive and antisocial
Psychotically
(Eysenck)People are empathetic and able to control their impulses
Low psychoticisim
Raymond Cattel reduced the trait list to ___
16 traits correlated from Allports and Odberts lists
Eysenck identified differences in cortical arousal regulated by_____ (re- intro and extroversion)
ARAS Ascending reticular activating system
Introverts are more ______ than extroverts thus referring lower levels of stimulation
More alert or Cortically aroused
Jeffrey Gray proposed that brain structure had evolved in result of reinforcement or punishment
Reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST)
Structure that is attuned to rewards, leading people to seek out stimulation or arousal
BAS- behavioural approach system
Structure that is attuned to punishment and leads people to avoid potential dangerous or painful experiences
BIS behavioural inhibition theory
Extroverts have a stronger ______ thus influenced by potential reward while introverts have a higher ______ influenced by possible failure or harm
extrovert have higher BAS
Intorverts have higher BIS
Taxonomy of traits boiled down to five superordinate personality traits
Five factor model (FFM)
Freud’s theory based on two instincts
Self preservation and Sexual Instincts
Drive Model (0-18months)
Oral: exploring the world through mouth
Drive model (2-3 years)
Anal- conflicts regarding compliance and defiance + toliet training
Drive model (4-6years)
Phallic- pleasure from touching genitals- Oedipus complex
Drive model (7-11years)
Latency- sexual impulses repressed
Drive model 12+
Genital (Genital sex)
Drive model is known as
Psychosexual stages of development
Freud’s structural model
Interplay between conscious, pre- conscious and unconscious
3 parts to the structural model
Ego- conscious
Superego- preconscious
Id- unconscious and swxual aggressive energy
Structural model- conscious, balances desire, reality & morality, cognition and problem solving
Ego
Structural model- preconscious, morality, source of ideals
Super ego
Structural model- preconscious, morality, source of ideals
Super ego
Structural model- unconscious, sexual and aggressive energy, instinctive, pleasure principal
Id
An unpleasant state that signals that things are not right and something must be done
Anxiety
Enduring patterns of behaviour in intimate relationships (and the motivation, cognitive and affective processes that produce these patterns)
Object relation theory
Conflicting feeling or motives
Ambivalence
Research shows that interaction of ambivalence and conflict towards goals predicts
Depression
Solutions people develop tp maximise fulfilment of conflicting motives simultaneously
Compromise formations
A tension or battle between opposing forces
Conflict
Pleasure seeking, sensuality, love and desires for sexual intercourse
Libido
Difficulty during any stage of psychosexual development can lead to_____
Fixations, conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the development period in which they arise
Freud’s hypothesis that little boys want anexclusiv relationship with their mothers and girls with their fathers
Oedipus complex
Girls renouncing their secret wishes to their father and identify with their mother
Boys fear rivalry with father so repress their sexual desires toward their mother
Electra complex and castration complex
During phallic stage girls develop ____ the belief that because they lack a penis theire inferior to boys
Penis envy
The counterbalance to the untamed passions of the id
The superego as a parental voice
The ego is capable of ______ which is rational, logical and goal directed
Secondary process thinking
The ego obeys ______ recognising that the immediate desire for pleaser needs to offset against the reality of consequences
Reality principal
People regulate their emotions and deal with their conflicts by employing :
Defence mechanisms
Unconscious mental processes aimed at protecting the person from unpleasant emotions or bolstering pleasurable emotions
Defence mechanisms
Defence mechanism where a person keeps thoughts or memories that would be too threatening to acknowledge from awareness
Repression
Defence mechanism where a person keeps thoughts or memories that would be too threatening to acknowledge from awareness
Repression
Defence mechanism where a person refuses to acknowledge external realities or emotions
Denial
A defence mechanism where a person attributes their own unacknowledged feelings/impulses onto others
Projection
Defence mechanism where a person fails to acknowledge unacceptable impulses and overemphasised their opposites
Reaction formation
Defence mechanism where a person converted sexual or aggressive impulses into socially acceptable activities
Sublimination
Defence mechanism where a person explains away actions in a logical way to avoid uncomfortable feelings (guilt/shame)
Rationalisation
Defence mechanism where a person directs their emotion away from the real target to a substitute
Displacement
Defence mechanism where a person reverts back to an earlier stage of psychological development
Regression
Defence mechanism where a person displays indirect expression of anger towards others
Passive aggression
Defence mechanism- Taking feelings out on others
Displacement
Defence mechanism- denying that something exists
Denial
Defence mechanism- unconsciously keeping unpleasant info from your conscious mind
Repression
Consciously keeping unpleasant information from your conscious mind
Suppression
Defence mechanism- converting unacceptable impulses into more acceptable outlets
Sublimation
Defence mechanism- assigning your own unacceptable feelings or qualities to others
Projection
Justifying an acceptable feeling/behaviour with logic
Rationalisation
Reverting to earlier behaviour
Regression
Replacing an unwanted impulse with it opposite
Reaction formation
Key figure in psychology and founder of analytical psychology
Carl Jung
_________ aimed to focus on the relationship between the unconscious and the conscious, incorporating everyday life events
Jugian psychotherapy
Jungian thoery: ego
The conscious mind: thoughts, memories and emotions
Point of view of the Self
Where individuals aim to discover they are unique: individuation
Jungian psychology: universal, archaic patterns and images that reside within the unconscious
Archetype
A form of unconscious comprising of memories and impulses that one is not aware of (common to humans)
Collective unconscious
Jungian: a repressed unconscious, develops during childhood
Personal unconscious
Shadow, anima and animus
Jungian archetype
Jungian four essential psychological functions
Thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition
Enduring patterns of behaviour in intimate relationships and the motivational, cognitive and affective processes that produce these patterns
Object relations
Theory about people’s relationships with others
Object relations
Humans are born seeking relationships and set out to fulfil this need
Object relations
The need for relatedness is central in humans and people will distort their personality to maintain ties to important people in their lives
Relational theories
_________ focus on interpersonal disturbances and the mental process that underlie the capacities for relatedness to others
Object relations
_______ argue that for all individual adaptation is primarily adaptation to other people
Relational theory
The bread and butter of psychodynamic investigation
Life history methods
Methods that aim to understand the whole person in context of life experience and environment
Life history
Examples of source of life history methods (qualitative)
Psychotherapy, historical or biographical sources or research interviews
Test where ambiguous stimulus is given a meaning
Projective tests
Eg. Protective test
Rorschach inkblot tests
People provide definition to ambiguous symbols revealing aspects of their personality
Projective tests
Projective tests where participants are asked to make up a story about ambiguous drawings
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Human functioning is the direct result of cultural norms, beliefs and values as well genetic influences
Cultural neuroscience
Humanistic theory of personality
Carl Rogers person centred approach
The way people conceive reality and experience themselves in their world
Phenomenal experience
According to humanistic perspective what is a fundamental tool for personality
Empathy- the capacity to understand another person’s experience cognitively and emotionally
Humanistic perspective- a core aspect of being, untainted by the demands of those around
True self
Humanistic perspective- a mask people wear and mistake to be their true psychological face
False self
Humanistic perspective- children learn that to be loved they must meet certain standards
Conditions of worth
Organised pattern of thought and perception about oneself
Self concept
A person’s view of what they should be like
Ideal self
A desire to fulfil the full range of needs: basic need for food and drink to the need to be open to experience and express one true self
Actualising tendencies
People have no fixed nature and must essentially create themselves
Existentialism
Human dread_____ , the recognition that life has no absolute value or meaning and that we all face death
Existential dread
Cognitive social theories are developed from which 2 roots
Behaviourist and cognitive perspectives
Theory that learning, beliefs expectations and information processing to be central to personality
Cognitive social theories
According to cognitive social theories what must happen for a behaviour to occur
Encode the current situation, endow with personal meaning/value, believe that behaviour will produce outcome ability, regulation
Capacity to understand another person’s cognitive and emotional experience
Empathy
Organised pattern of thought and perception about oneself that is consistent
Self concept
Core aspect or being that is not impacted by external demands
True self
An aspect of self which emerges to gain positive regard from others
False self
View of what a person should be like
Ideal self
Acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person does
Positive regard
Desire to fulfil a range of needs that humans experience
Actualisaing tendency
Psychologist use the term personality to refer to an individuals
a) personality structure and typical pattern of behaviour
b) enduring patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving
c) thoughts and behaviours
d) identity and behaviours
B) enduring patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving
Which theories describe enduring patterns of behaviour in intimate relationships and to the motivational, cognitive and affective processes that produce these patterns
a) object relations
b) social intelligence
c) relational theories
d) life history
A) object relations
Freud proposed two basic drives motivating human behaviour
a) sex and aggression
b) aggression and violence
c) sex and survival
d) aggression and destructiveness
A) sex and aggression
_____ refers to setting goals, evaluating performance and adjusting behaviour to achieve these goals in the context of ongoing feedback
a) goal establishment
b) outcome management
c) potential realisation
d) self regulation
D) self regulation
Analytical psychology, also known as Jungian psychology, involves
a) relationships between the unconscious, conscious and everyday life experiences
b) relationships between everyday life and dreams
c) relationships between cognitive, affective and motivational processes
d) relationships between what people want , think and feel
A) relationships between the unconscious, conscious and everyday life experiences
The limitations of cognitive-social approaches to personality are:
a) a tendency to emphasise the rational side of life
b) a tendency to underestimate the emotional, motivational and irrational
c) a tendency to assume people consciously know what they think feel and want
d) all options listed
D) all options listed
Cognitive social theories assert that personality is derived from how an individual processes information about the world and themselves, including the interplay of _____ factors
a) behavioural
b) cognitive
c) affective
d) environmental
D) environmental
According to more recent research, extroverts are thought to have stronger:
a) BAS than BIS
b) BIS than BAS
c) BAS than ARAS
d) BIS than ARAS
A) BAS than BIS
According to _______ philosophers, the individual is alone throughout life. The individual must confront what it means to be human and which values that person wishes to embrace
a) humanistic
b) existentialist
c) individualist
d) cognitive
B) existentialist
In Carl Rogers view, psychology should try to understand:
a) the way people conceive of reality and experience themselves and their world
b) how beliefs, rituals and institutions shape individuals
c) that life has no absolute value or meaning and that ultimately we all face death
d) the ways in which unconscious conflicts underlie an individuals behaviour
A) the way people conceive of reality and experience themselves and their world
The culture pattern approach argues that:
a) individual psychology reflects cultural practices
b) culture shapes individual psychology
c) culture and the individuals shape each other
d) cultural invariants exist and thus eprosnalities in seemingly different cultures will be similar
A) individual psychology reflects cultural practices
The interactionist approach best fits which of the following:
a) culture shapes the individual
b) the individual shapes the culture
c) personality, economics and culture influence one another
d) genes and the environment interact to produce a person’s personality that is unique to the interaction
C) personality, economics and culture influence one another
