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Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality traits

A

Emotional, cognitive, and behavioural tendencies

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2
Q

Personality mechanisms

A

Input, decision rules, output

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3
Q

Personality Influenced interactions

A

Perception, selection, evocation and manipulation

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4
Q

Personality

A

The enduring pattern of thought, feeling, motivation and behaviour that are expressed in different circumstances

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5
Q

The organisation of enduring patterns of thought, feeling, motivation and behaviour

A

Structure of personality

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6
Q

Personality psychologist had two aims- to describe 1) and study 2)

A

1) structure of personality
2) individual differences

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7
Q

5 Basic elements of personality

A

Motives, thoughts, feelings, traits and behaviour

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8
Q

Whos personality theory? A trait is a group of correlated habits

A

Eysenck theory

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9
Q

According to Eysnecks theory- Extroversion/introversion is a ______ trait

A

Type or Super trait

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10
Q

Trait referring to a tendency to be sociable, active and willing to take risks.

A

Extroversion

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11
Q

Trait characterised by social inhibition, seriousness and caution

A

Introversion

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12
Q

_______ defines a continuum from emotional stability to instability

A

Neuroticism

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13
Q

Trait where people report feeling anxious, guilty, tense and moody and low self esteem

A

High neuroticism

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14
Q

Eysencks -Psychological trait where people are aggressive, egocentric, impulsive and antisocial

A

Psychotically

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15
Q

(Eysenck)People are empathetic and able to control their impulses

A

Low psychoticisim

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16
Q

Raymond Cattel reduced the trait list to ___

A

16 traits correlated from Allports and Odberts lists

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17
Q

Eysenck identified differences in cortical arousal regulated by_____ (re- intro and extroversion)

A

ARAS Ascending reticular activating system

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18
Q

Introverts are more ______ than extroverts thus referring lower levels of stimulation

A

More alert or Cortically aroused

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19
Q

Jeffrey Gray proposed that brain structure had evolved in result of reinforcement or punishment

A

Reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST)

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20
Q

Structure that is attuned to rewards, leading people to seek out stimulation or arousal

A

BAS- behavioural approach system

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21
Q

Structure that is attuned to punishment and leads people to avoid potential dangerous or painful experiences

A

BIS behavioural inhibition theory

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22
Q

Extroverts have a stronger ______ thus influenced by potential reward while introverts have a higher ______ influenced by possible failure or harm

A

extrovert have higher BAS
Intorverts have higher BIS

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23
Q

Taxonomy of traits boiled down to five superordinate personality traits

A

Five factor model (FFM)

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24
Q

Freud’s theory based on two instincts

A

Self preservation and Sexual Instincts

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25
Q

Drive Model (0-18months)

A

Oral: exploring the world through mouth

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26
Q

Drive model (2-3 years)

A

Anal- conflicts regarding compliance and defiance + toliet training

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27
Q

Drive model (4-6years)

A

Phallic- pleasure from touching genitals- Oedipus complex

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28
Q

Drive model (7-11years)

A

Latency- sexual impulses repressed

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29
Q

Drive model 12+

A

Genital (Genital sex)

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30
Q

Drive model is known as

A

Psychosexual stages of development

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31
Q

Freud’s structural model

A

Interplay between conscious, pre- conscious and unconscious

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32
Q

3 parts to the structural model

A

Ego- conscious
Superego- preconscious
Id- unconscious and swxual aggressive energy

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33
Q

Structural model- conscious, balances desire, reality & morality, cognition and problem solving

A

Ego

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34
Q

Structural model- preconscious, morality, source of ideals

A

Super ego

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35
Q

Structural model- preconscious, morality, source of ideals

A

Super ego

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36
Q

Structural model- unconscious, sexual and aggressive energy, instinctive, pleasure principal

A

Id

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37
Q

An unpleasant state that signals that things are not right and something must be done

A

Anxiety

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38
Q

Enduring patterns of behaviour in intimate relationships (and the motivation, cognitive and affective processes that produce these patterns)

A

Object relation theory

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39
Q

Conflicting feeling or motives

A

Ambivalence

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40
Q

Research shows that interaction of ambivalence and conflict towards goals predicts

A

Depression

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41
Q

Solutions people develop tp maximise fulfilment of conflicting motives simultaneously

A

Compromise formations

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42
Q

A tension or battle between opposing forces

A

Conflict

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43
Q

Pleasure seeking, sensuality, love and desires for sexual intercourse

A

Libido

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44
Q

Difficulty during any stage of psychosexual development can lead to_____

A

Fixations, conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the development period in which they arise

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45
Q

Freud’s hypothesis that little boys want anexclusiv relationship with their mothers and girls with their fathers

A

Oedipus complex

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46
Q

Girls renouncing their secret wishes to their father and identify with their mother
Boys fear rivalry with father so repress their sexual desires toward their mother

A

Electra complex and castration complex

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47
Q

During phallic stage girls develop ____ the belief that because they lack a penis theire inferior to boys

A

Penis envy

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48
Q

The counterbalance to the untamed passions of the id

A

The superego as a parental voice

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49
Q

The ego is capable of ______ which is rational, logical and goal directed

A

Secondary process thinking

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50
Q

The ego obeys ______ recognising that the immediate desire for pleaser needs to offset against the reality of consequences

A

Reality principal

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51
Q

People regulate their emotions and deal with their conflicts by employing :

A

Defence mechanisms

52
Q

Unconscious mental processes aimed at protecting the person from unpleasant emotions or bolstering pleasurable emotions

A

Defence mechanisms

53
Q

Defence mechanism where a person keeps thoughts or memories that would be too threatening to acknowledge from awareness

A

Repression

54
Q

Defence mechanism where a person keeps thoughts or memories that would be too threatening to acknowledge from awareness

A

Repression

55
Q

Defence mechanism where a person refuses to acknowledge external realities or emotions

A

Denial

56
Q

A defence mechanism where a person attributes their own unacknowledged feelings/impulses onto others

A

Projection

57
Q

Defence mechanism where a person fails to acknowledge unacceptable impulses and overemphasised their opposites

A

Reaction formation

58
Q

Defence mechanism where a person converted sexual or aggressive impulses into socially acceptable activities

A

Sublimination

59
Q

Defence mechanism where a person explains away actions in a logical way to avoid uncomfortable feelings (guilt/shame)

A

Rationalisation

60
Q

Defence mechanism where a person directs their emotion away from the real target to a substitute

A

Displacement

61
Q

Defence mechanism where a person reverts back to an earlier stage of psychological development

A

Regression

62
Q

Defence mechanism where a person displays indirect expression of anger towards others

A

Passive aggression

63
Q

Defence mechanism- Taking feelings out on others

A

Displacement

64
Q

Defence mechanism- denying that something exists

A

Denial

65
Q

Defence mechanism- unconsciously keeping unpleasant info from your conscious mind

A

Repression

66
Q

Consciously keeping unpleasant information from your conscious mind

A

Suppression

67
Q

Defence mechanism- converting unacceptable impulses into more acceptable outlets

A

Sublimation

68
Q

Defence mechanism- assigning your own unacceptable feelings or qualities to others

A

Projection

69
Q

Justifying an acceptable feeling/behaviour with logic

A

Rationalisation

70
Q

Reverting to earlier behaviour

A

Regression

71
Q

Replacing an unwanted impulse with it opposite

A

Reaction formation

72
Q

Key figure in psychology and founder of analytical psychology

A

Carl Jung

73
Q

_________ aimed to focus on the relationship between the unconscious and the conscious, incorporating everyday life events

A

Jugian psychotherapy

74
Q

Jungian thoery: ego

A

The conscious mind: thoughts, memories and emotions

75
Q

Point of view of the Self

A

Where individuals aim to discover they are unique: individuation

76
Q

Jungian psychology: universal, archaic patterns and images that reside within the unconscious

A

Archetype

77
Q

A form of unconscious comprising of memories and impulses that one is not aware of (common to humans)

A

Collective unconscious

78
Q

Jungian: a repressed unconscious, develops during childhood

A

Personal unconscious

79
Q

Shadow, anima and animus

A

Jungian archetype

80
Q

Jungian four essential psychological functions

A

Thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition

81
Q

Enduring patterns of behaviour in intimate relationships and the motivational, cognitive and affective processes that produce these patterns

A

Object relations

82
Q

Theory about people’s relationships with others

A

Object relations

83
Q

Humans are born seeking relationships and set out to fulfil this need

A

Object relations

84
Q

The need for relatedness is central in humans and people will distort their personality to maintain ties to important people in their lives

A

Relational theories

85
Q

_________ focus on interpersonal disturbances and the mental process that underlie the capacities for relatedness to others

A

Object relations

86
Q

_______ argue that for all individual adaptation is primarily adaptation to other people

A

Relational theory

87
Q

The bread and butter of psychodynamic investigation

A

Life history methods

88
Q

Methods that aim to understand the whole person in context of life experience and environment

A

Life history

89
Q

Examples of source of life history methods (qualitative)

A

Psychotherapy, historical or biographical sources or research interviews

90
Q

Test where ambiguous stimulus is given a meaning

A

Projective tests

91
Q

Eg. Protective test

A

Rorschach inkblot tests

92
Q

People provide definition to ambiguous symbols revealing aspects of their personality

A

Projective tests

93
Q

Projective tests where participants are asked to make up a story about ambiguous drawings

A

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

94
Q

Human functioning is the direct result of cultural norms, beliefs and values as well genetic influences

A

Cultural neuroscience

95
Q

Humanistic theory of personality

A

Carl Rogers person centred approach

96
Q

The way people conceive reality and experience themselves in their world

A

Phenomenal experience

97
Q

According to humanistic perspective what is a fundamental tool for personality

A

Empathy- the capacity to understand another person’s experience cognitively and emotionally

98
Q

Humanistic perspective- a core aspect of being, untainted by the demands of those around

A

True self

99
Q

Humanistic perspective- a mask people wear and mistake to be their true psychological face

A

False self

100
Q

Humanistic perspective- children learn that to be loved they must meet certain standards

A

Conditions of worth

101
Q

Organised pattern of thought and perception about oneself

A

Self concept

102
Q

A person’s view of what they should be like

A

Ideal self

103
Q

A desire to fulfil the full range of needs: basic need for food and drink to the need to be open to experience and express one true self

A

Actualising tendencies

104
Q

People have no fixed nature and must essentially create themselves

A

Existentialism

105
Q

Human dread_____ , the recognition that life has no absolute value or meaning and that we all face death

A

Existential dread

106
Q

Cognitive social theories are developed from which 2 roots

A

Behaviourist and cognitive perspectives

107
Q

Theory that learning, beliefs expectations and information processing to be central to personality

A

Cognitive social theories

108
Q

According to cognitive social theories what must happen for a behaviour to occur

A

Encode the current situation, endow with personal meaning/value, believe that behaviour will produce outcome ability, regulation

109
Q

Capacity to understand another person’s cognitive and emotional experience

A

Empathy

110
Q

Organised pattern of thought and perception about oneself that is consistent

A

Self concept

111
Q

Core aspect or being that is not impacted by external demands

A

True self

112
Q

An aspect of self which emerges to gain positive regard from others

A

False self

113
Q

View of what a person should be like

A

Ideal self

114
Q

Acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person does

A

Positive regard

115
Q

Desire to fulfil a range of needs that humans experience

A

Actualisaing tendency

116
Q

Psychologist use the term personality to refer to an individuals

a) personality structure and typical pattern of behaviour
b) enduring patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving
c) thoughts and behaviours
d) identity and behaviours

A

B) enduring patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving

117
Q

Which theories describe enduring patterns of behaviour in intimate relationships and to the motivational, cognitive and affective processes that produce these patterns

a) object relations
b) social intelligence
c) relational theories
d) life history

A

A) object relations

118
Q

Freud proposed two basic drives motivating human behaviour

a) sex and aggression
b) aggression and violence
c) sex and survival
d) aggression and destructiveness

A

A) sex and aggression

119
Q

_____ refers to setting goals, evaluating performance and adjusting behaviour to achieve these goals in the context of ongoing feedback

a) goal establishment
b) outcome management
c) potential realisation
d) self regulation

A

D) self regulation

120
Q

Analytical psychology, also known as Jungian psychology, involves

a) relationships between the unconscious, conscious and everyday life experiences
b) relationships between everyday life and dreams
c) relationships between cognitive, affective and motivational processes
d) relationships between what people want , think and feel

A

A) relationships between the unconscious, conscious and everyday life experiences

121
Q

The limitations of cognitive-social approaches to personality are:

a) a tendency to emphasise the rational side of life
b) a tendency to underestimate the emotional, motivational and irrational
c) a tendency to assume people consciously know what they think feel and want
d) all options listed

A

D) all options listed

122
Q

Cognitive social theories assert that personality is derived from how an individual processes information about the world and themselves, including the interplay of _____ factors

a) behavioural
b) cognitive
c) affective
d) environmental

A

D) environmental

123
Q

According to more recent research, extroverts are thought to have stronger:

a) BAS than BIS
b) BIS than BAS
c) BAS than ARAS
d) BIS than ARAS

A

A) BAS than BIS

124
Q

According to _______ philosophers, the individual is alone throughout life. The individual must confront what it means to be human and which values that person wishes to embrace

a) humanistic
b) existentialist
c) individualist
d) cognitive

A

B) existentialist

125
Q

In Carl Rogers view, psychology should try to understand:

a) the way people conceive of reality and experience themselves and their world
b) how beliefs, rituals and institutions shape individuals
c) that life has no absolute value or meaning and that ultimately we all face death
d) the ways in which unconscious conflicts underlie an individuals behaviour

A

A) the way people conceive of reality and experience themselves and their world

126
Q

The culture pattern approach argues that:

a) individual psychology reflects cultural practices
b) culture shapes individual psychology
c) culture and the individuals shape each other
d) cultural invariants exist and thus eprosnalities in seemingly different cultures will be similar

A

A) individual psychology reflects cultural practices

127
Q

The interactionist approach best fits which of the following:

a) culture shapes the individual
b) the individual shapes the culture
c) personality, economics and culture influence one another
d) genes and the environment interact to produce a person’s personality that is unique to the interaction

A

C) personality, economics and culture influence one another

Psychology 1B (5 decks)

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