Social Psychology Flashcards
The self is:
The person, including mental process, body and personality characteristics
A person’s concept of the self
Self-concept
A schema about the self that guides the way we think about and remember information relevant to ourselves
Self concept
A person’s evaluation of themselves, how much they like and respect themself
Self-esteem
Who proposed a fundamental distinction between self as subject and self as an object
William James 1890
_______ included the person’s experience of self as thinker, feeler and actor
Self as subject
_______ is the person’s view of self; people reflect when they take the self as an object of thought
Self as object
Psychodynamic perspective of self
Self representation
Mental models or representations of the self
Self representations
Cognitive perspective on self
The way self concept shapes thought and memory
A schema about the self that guides the way we think about and remember information relevant to ourselves
Self-schema
A process by which a person sets themselves up to fail when success is uncertain in order to preserve self esteem
Self handicapping
People maintain or even enhance their self esteem by:
BIRGing (basking in reflected glory)
A state where people publicly announce their affiliation with another person or group that is successful even when the had nothing to do with that success.
Basking in reflected glory (BIRGing)
The motivational to interpret information to fit the way one already sees oneself
Self consistency
Three mental representations about people
Actual self, ideal self and ought self
A schema referring to people’s view of how they actually are
Actual self
A schema refers to the hopes, aspirations and wishes that define the way the person would like to be
Ideal self
The duties, obligations and responsibilities that define the way the person should be
Ought self
The process by which people attempt to control the impressions that others form
Self presentation
Instances in which our desires to influence the impressions other people form of us fail are termed as:
Self presentational predicaments
Research shows that people with clear sense of self and higher self esteem are more likely to present ______ on Facebook
Their real self
Individual differences in the degree to which people manage their impressions are referred to as
Self monitoring
Social chameleons
High self monitors
The need to view oneself positively
Self esteem
The process of inferring the causes of one’s own and others mental states and behaviours is called
Attribution
People assess the extent to which the presences of one variable predicts the presence of another
Intuitive science
When people make attributions they rely on intuitive theories, frame hypotheses, collect data about themselves and others and draw conclusions
Intuitive science
People make these two attributions to situations and people regarding interactions
External and internal attributions
In making attributions people rely on these three types of information
Consensus, consistency and distinctiveness
_____ refers to the way most people repsond
Consensus
______ refers to the extent to which a person always responds in the same way to the same stimulus
Consistency
The _____ of persons action refers to the individuals likelihood to respond this way to many different stimuli
Distinctiveness
In deciding how much to credit or blame a person, people generally adjust though two processes
Discounting and augmentation
______ occurs when people downplay the role of one variable because they know that others may be contributing to the behaviour in question
Discounting
Opposite to discounting- increasing an internal attribute for behaviour that has occurred despite situational demands
Augmentation
A person’s habitual manner of assigning causes to behaviours/events
Attributions style
The tendency to assume that other people’s behaviour corresponds to their internal states of affairs rather than external situations
Fundamental attribution error
Attributing behaviours to people’s personalities and ignore possible situational causes
Fundamental attribution error
Bias in social cpgnition where people tend to see themselves in a more positive light than others see them
Self-serving bias
What causes basis in processing social information
Cognitive and motivational bias
The association between an act or object and an evaluation
An attitude
The tendency to evaluate a person, concept or group positively or negatively
An attitude
Multicomponent model of attitude
A affective
B behavioural
c cognitive
A of the ABC model of attitude:
Affective (feelings or emotions linked to an attitude object)
B of the ABC attitude model
Behavioural: past behaviours or experiences regarding an attitude object
C of ABC attitude model
Cognitive: beliefs, thoughts and attributes associated with an object
The durability and impact of an attitude
Attitude strength
Variables affecting the strength of attitude
Attitude importance and accessibility
The personal relevance of an attitude and the psychological significance of that attitude for an individual
Attitude importance
The ease with which an attitude comes to mind (how readily it is pulled from memory)
Attitude accessibility
The associations between objects and feelings about them that regulate thought and behaviour unconsciously and automatically
Implicit attitudes
The intricacy of thoughts about different attitude objects
Cognitive complexity
The extent to which a given attitude object is associated with conflicting evaluative responses
Attitudinal ambivalence
The extent to which an attitude is internally consistent
Attitudinal coherence
______ refers to deliberate efforts to change an attitude
Persuasion
Aristotle and the art of persuasive speaking
Combination of ethos, pathos and logos
Aristotle’s ethos
Characteristics of the speaker
Aristotle’s pathos
The appeal of the message
Aristotle’s logos
The logic of the argument
Expanded components of persuasion
Source, message, channel, context and receiver
Persuasion: appearance of trustworthy, attractive, likeable and similar to recipient
Source
Persuasion: the type of appeal and the way it is delivered
Message
Persuasion: the means by which a message is sent (words, imagery, verbally etc
Channel
Building up the receievers’ resistance to a persuaovr appeal by presenting weak arguments for it or forewarning against it
Attitude inoculation
Persuasion: the qualities of the person the communicator is trying to persuade
Receiver
The model that addresses the how of persuasion
Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (ELM)
ELM model creators
Richard Petty and John Cacioppo
The ELM suggests that there are 2 routes thru which a person can be persuaded :
1) central route
2) peripheral route
Central route of persuasion (ELM model)
Inducing the recipient to think carefully and weigh the arguments
Peripheral route pf persuaion (ELM model)
Bypassing the cortex and heading straight to the limbic system, heart or gut
A voluntary, costly behaviour motivated by the desire to help another individual
Altruism
The doctrine that all behaviour, no matter how altruistic, is designed to increase one owns pleaser or reduce one owns pain
Ethical hedoism
Philosophical position that humans have a natural compassion for one another (only reason theyndo not is that society beats it out)
Genuine altruism
Evolutionary perspective on altruism
Self interest as reproductive success
Natural selection favours animals that behave altruistically if the likely benefit to each individual over time exceeds the cost
Reciprocal altruism
Following orders from an authority figure
Obedience
Milgrims experiment
The shock experiment (obedience)
Changing ones behaviour to go with social norms
Conformity
Peer pressure, gangs, group norms and online trolling are examples to what idea?
Conformity
Experiment highlighting conformity
Asch experiment
The effects of the presence of other people on the way people think, feel and behave
Social influence
Standards for behaviour, thoughts, feeling and behaviour
Norms
Groups whose norms matter to an individual thus impacting behaviour is known as;
Reference group
The positing in a group that has norms specifying appropriate behaviour
Role
When strangers meet and asked to solve problems, the one who takes responsibility is called
Task leader or instrumental leader
Philip Zimbardos experiment
The Stanford Prison Experiment
Roles conformity and obedience
The presence of other people can either help or hurt individual performance is called
Social facilitation
The process by which people exert less effort when in a group:
Social loafing
Group decisions are rarely ‘Middle of the road’ but rather conservative or risky:
Group polarisation
Group decision making whereby people tend to cluster together to be viewed even more favourably by members of their ingroup
Group cohesiveness
Rather than making an objective examination of facts- members tend to fall into line behind each other
Group think
Examples of Factors that strengthen conformity
- If a person feels incompetant/insecure
- 3 or more members
- If everyone agrees
- If a person admires the members of the grouo/status
Characteristics attributed to people based upon their group membership
Stereotype
Judging people based upon stereotypes
Prejudice
Behaviour towards group based on the stereotype
Discrimination
Verbal pr physical behaviour aimed at harming another person or another living being
Aggression
Impulsive aggression often elicited by anger
Hostile aggression
Calm and premeditated aggression
Instrumental aggression
An extreme form of aggression such as assault, rape or murder
Violence
Behaviour that damages interpersonal relationships and is deemed undesirable
Antisocial behaviour
5 Factors leading to attraction and therefore relationship
Similarity, interpersonal rewards, physical attraction, proximity and reciprocity
Passionate love
Sexual feelings, intense physiological arousal and emotional connection
Companionable love
Emotional intimacy, deep affection and friendship
3 factors of love: Steinberg triangle
Passion, intimacy and commitment
