Week 1 - communication, speech & language

Question 1

What is communication?

Answer 1

Language and speech

Question 2

What is language?

Answer 2

Phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics

Question 3

What is speech?

Answer 3

Articulation, fluency, voice

Question 4

What is Articulation?

Answer 4

How speech sounds are made

Question 5

What is voice?

Answer 5

The use of vocal folds and breathing to produce sound

Question 6

What is fluency?

Answer 6

The rhythm of speech

Question 7

Difference between language and speech?

Answer 7

L - complex, dynamic system of conventional symbols used for communication (whole system of words and rules)
S - output of sound produced by precisely coordinated muscle actions

Question 8

What is displacement? (language properties)

Answer 8

Property of language which allows users of language to talk about events not present in the immediate environment

Question 9

What is arbitrariness? (language properties)

Answer 9

Concept - no connection between linguistic forms and its meaning

Question 10

What is productivity? (language properties)

Answer 10

Novel utterances are continually being created (potential number of utterances is infinite)

Question 11

What is cultural transmission?

Answer 11

Process where language is passed from one generation to another by teaching/learning

Question 12

What is discreteness? (language properties)

Answer 12

Ability to distinguish discrete units in a stream of language

Question 13

What is compositionality? (language properties)

Answer 13

The perception of larger units being composed of smaller units such as catsatonmat

Question 14

What is duality?

Answer 14

That language is organised into levels/layers

Question 15

What is rule-governedness?

Answer 15

Constraints in the sequencing of language elements due to grammar rules

Question 16

What is social cognition?

Answer 16

The role that cognitive processes play in social interactions

Question 17

What are dyadic interactions?

Answer 17

One to one interactions establishing emotional rapport with caregiver
- links to still face experiment

Question 18

What are triadic interactions?

Answer 18

Includes child, caregiver and another entity such as a toy

Question 19

What age does triadic interactions start and peak?

Answer 19

9-15 months

Question 20

What is referential communication?

Answer 20

Child communicates to others about something in the world

Question 21

What is joint attention?

Answer 21

When adult and child focus on same thing and both aware focus of attention is being shared

Question 22

What age does joint attention start and peak?

Answer 22

9-16 months

Question 23

When does gaze following start?

Answer 23

10-11 months

Question 24

How is gaze following linked to language development?

Answer 24

Duration of looking at targets predicted growth in vocabulary

Question 25

What is social referencing?

Answer 25

When 9-10 month infants use non-verbal and verbal cues of trusted caregiver to gain information about new object or situation (gauge reaction)

Question 26

What does imitation happen?

Answer 26

12 months - only imitate action
18-24 months - imitate intended action (if spill juice when pouring, they will imitate pour not spill)

Question 27

What is emulation?

Answer 27

• Copying to satisfy cognitive motivation to learn about world

Question 28

How is imitation different to emulation?

Answer 28

• Copying but driven by social motivation to have a shared experience

Question 29

What is pointing?

Answer 29

A deictic gesture - using extended index finger

Question 30

What age does pointing emerge?

Answer 30

10-14 months of age

Question 31

What is imperative pointing?

Answer 31

• Performed in order to make addressee do something for subject

Question 32

What is declarative pointing?

Answer 32

• Effort to direct adult’s attention to some event or object

Question 33

What is phonology?

Answer 33

The description of the system and patterns of phonemes within a language

Question 34

What is early intention reading?

Answer 34

an infant infers the probable goal of an adult by watching them attempt an action / monitor gaze to infer labelled object

Question 35

Early use gesture ; how is it important?

Answer 35

It is predicative of that child’s language and communication development