Week 1 - communication, speech & language Flashcards
What is communication?
Language and speech
What is language?
Phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics
What is speech?
Articulation, fluency, voice
What is Articulation?
How speech sounds are made
What is voice?
The use of vocal folds and breathing to produce sound
What is fluency?
The rhythm of speech
Difference between language and speech?
L - complex, dynamic system of conventional symbols used for communication (whole system of words and rules)
S - output of sound produced by precisely coordinated muscle actions
What is displacement? (language properties)
Property of language which allows users of language to talk about events not present in the immediate environment
What is arbitrariness? (language properties)
Concept - no connection between linguistic forms and its meaning
What is productivity? (language properties)
Novel utterances are continually being created (potential number of utterances is infinite)
What is cultural transmission?
Process where language is passed from one generation to another by teaching/learning
What is discreteness? (language properties)
Ability to distinguish discrete units in a stream of language
What is compositionality? (language properties)
The perception of larger units being composed of smaller units such as catsatonmat
What is duality?
That language is organised into levels/layers
What is rule-governedness?
Constraints in the sequencing of language elements due to grammar rules
What is social cognition?
The role that cognitive processes play in social interactions
What are dyadic interactions?
One to one interactions establishing emotional rapport with caregiver
- links to still face experiment
What are triadic interactions?
Includes child, caregiver and another entity such as a toy
What age does triadic interactions start and peak?
9-15 months
What is referential communication?
Child communicates to others about something in the world
What is joint attention?
When adult and child focus on same thing and both aware focus of attention is being shared
What age does joint attention start and peak?
9-16 months
When does gaze following start?
10-11 months
How is gaze following linked to language development?
Duration of looking at targets predicted growth in vocabulary
What is social referencing?
When 9-10 month infants use non-verbal and verbal cues of trusted caregiver to gain information about new object or situation (gauge reaction)
What does imitation happen?
12 months - only imitate action
18-24 months - imitate intended action (if spill juice when pouring, they will imitate pour not spill)
What is emulation?
- Copying to satisfy cognitive motivation to learn about world
How is imitation different to emulation?
- Copying but driven by social motivation to have a shared experience
What is pointing?
A deictic gesture - using extended index finger
What age does pointing emerge?
10-14 months of age
What is imperative pointing?
- Performed in order to make addressee do something for subject
What is declarative pointing?
- Effort to direct adult’s attention to some event or object
What is phonology?
The description of the system and patterns of phonemes within a language
What is early intention reading?
an infant infers the probable goal of an adult by watching them attempt an action / monitor gaze to infer labelled object
Early use gesture ; how is it important?
It is predicative of that child’s language and communication development
