Week 1 - Cellular Pathophysiology Flashcards
The study of the mechanism by which diseases and illness alter body function
Pathophysiology
The study of cause of a disease
Aetiology
The branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action
Pharmacology
The study of the patterns of disease within populations
Epidemiology
Reduction in cell size
Atrophy
Reduction or inadequate blood flow to an organ or tissue
Ischaemia
Necrosis caused by a complete deprivation of blood supply to tissue
Infarction
A state of low oxygen
Hypoxia
Insufficient oxygen in the blood
Hypoxaemia
Development of a disease
Pathogenesis
Changes caused by a disease
Clinical manifestations
The no. of new cases of a disease diagnoses within a period
Incidence
Total no. of cases of a disease at a particular time
Prevalence
Increase in cell size
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell no.
Hyperplasia
Transition from one cell type to another
Metaplasia
Variation in size and shape of cells in tissue
Dysplasia
A form of programmed cell death
Apoptosis
A form of unprogrammed cell death in living tissue
Necrosis
List 7 causes of cell injury
- Ischaemia
- Physical agents
- Mechanical damage
- Chemical toxins
- Microorganisms
- Nutritional deficits
- Genetic defects
A condition involving tissue swelling/oedema that occurs shortly after the insult/injury
Acute inflammation
An inflammatory response that does not subside
Chronic inflammation
Chemical substances released from cells into tissue that induces inflammation
Chemical mediators
Latin term for redness?
Rubor
Latin term for heat?
Calor
Latin term for swelling?
Tumor
Latin term for pain?
Dolor
A chemical mediator released from mast cells
Histamine
Chemical mediator derived from membrane phospholipids
Prostaglandins
The first stage of acute inflammation?
Vascular phase
The second stage of acute inflammation?
Cellular phase
Fluid that moves out of the blood vessels and accumulates in the tissue
Exudate
Increased blood vessel diameter and blood flow to the injured tissue
Vasodilation
Name the 2 inflammatory mediators in the vascular phase
- Bradykinin
2. Histamine
Name the 3 inflammatory mediators in the cellular phase
- Leukotrienes
- Histamine
- Cytokines
What are the 4 types of exudate?
- Serous
- Fibrinous
- Purulent
- Haemorrhagic
Describe serous exudate
A watery exudate that contains mostly protein and white blood cells
Describe fibrinous exudate
A thick and sticky exudate that contains mostly fibrin content
Describe purulent exudate
A thick, yellow/green fluid that contains leukocytes, cell debris and micro-organisms
Describe haemorrhagic exudate
Fluid that contains mostly red blood cells that indicates a greater tissue and blood vessel damage
Explain the mechanism of action of aspirin
- Selective COX-1 inhibitor
- Binds to both COX-1 and COX-2, and inhibits prostaglandin production
- Can cause:
Bleeding, GI ulcers, decrease in renal function, increase in sodium retention, and can reduce pain, fever and inflammation
Explain the mechanism of action of ibuprofen
- Non-selective COX inhibitor
- Binds to COX-1 and produced side effects
- Binds to COX-2 and causes reduction in pain, fever and inflammation
Explain the mechanism of action of celecoxib
- Selective COX-2 inhibitor
- Binds to COX-2 and causes reduction in pain, fever and inflammation
Healing process where wound is clean, free of foreign material and necrosis, wound can be held together with minimal gap
First intention healing
Healing in where there is a large break in tissue, significant inflammation, a long healing period and lots of scar tissue
Second intention healing
Name the 3 phases in wound healing
- Inflammatory Phase
- Proliferative Phase
- Remodelling Phase
