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2804NRS - Human Pathophysiology and Pharmacology > Week 1 - Cellular Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Week 1 - Cellular Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the mechanism by which diseases and illness alter body function

A

Pathophysiology

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2
Q

The study of cause of a disease

A

Aetiology

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3
Q

The branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action

A

Pharmacology

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4
Q

The study of the patterns of disease within populations

A

Epidemiology

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5
Q

Reduction in cell size

A

Atrophy

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6
Q

Reduction or inadequate blood flow to an organ or tissue

A

Ischaemia

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7
Q

Necrosis caused by a complete deprivation of blood supply to tissue

A

Infarction

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8
Q

A state of low oxygen

A

Hypoxia

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9
Q

Insufficient oxygen in the blood

A

Hypoxaemia

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10
Q

Development of a disease

A

Pathogenesis

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11
Q

Changes caused by a disease

A

Clinical manifestations

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12
Q

The no. of new cases of a disease diagnoses within a period

A

Incidence

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13
Q

Total no. of cases of a disease at a particular time

A

Prevalence

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14
Q

Increase in cell size

A

Hypertrophy

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15
Q

Increase in cell no.

A

Hyperplasia

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16
Q

Transition from one cell type to another

A

Metaplasia

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17
Q

Variation in size and shape of cells in tissue

A

Dysplasia

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18
Q

A form of programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

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19
Q

A form of unprogrammed cell death in living tissue

A

Necrosis

20
Q

List 7 causes of cell injury

A
  1. Ischaemia
  2. Physical agents
  3. Mechanical damage
  4. Chemical toxins
  5. Microorganisms
  6. Nutritional deficits
  7. Genetic defects
21
Q

A condition involving tissue swelling/oedema that occurs shortly after the insult/injury

A

Acute inflammation

22
Q

An inflammatory response that does not subside

A

Chronic inflammation

23
Q

Chemical substances released from cells into tissue that induces inflammation

A

Chemical mediators

24
Q

Latin term for redness?

A

Rubor

25
Q

Latin term for heat?

A

Calor

26
Q

Latin term for swelling?

A

Tumor

27
Q

Latin term for pain?

A

Dolor

28
Q

A chemical mediator released from mast cells

A

Histamine

29
Q

Chemical mediator derived from membrane phospholipids

A

Prostaglandins

30
Q

The first stage of acute inflammation?

A

Vascular phase

31
Q

The second stage of acute inflammation?

A

Cellular phase

32
Q

Fluid that moves out of the blood vessels and accumulates in the tissue

A

Exudate

33
Q

Increased blood vessel diameter and blood flow to the injured tissue

A

Vasodilation

34
Q

Name the 2 inflammatory mediators in the vascular phase

A
  1. Bradykinin

2. Histamine

35
Q

Name the 3 inflammatory mediators in the cellular phase

A
  1. Leukotrienes
  2. Histamine
  3. Cytokines
36
Q

What are the 4 types of exudate?

A
  1. Serous
  2. Fibrinous
  3. Purulent
  4. Haemorrhagic
37
Q

Describe serous exudate

A

A watery exudate that contains mostly protein and white blood cells

38
Q

Describe fibrinous exudate

A

A thick and sticky exudate that contains mostly fibrin content

39
Q

Describe purulent exudate

A

A thick, yellow/green fluid that contains leukocytes, cell debris and micro-organisms

40
Q

Describe haemorrhagic exudate

A

Fluid that contains mostly red blood cells that indicates a greater tissue and blood vessel damage

41
Q

Explain the mechanism of action of aspirin

A
  • Selective COX-1 inhibitor
  • Binds to both COX-1 and COX-2, and inhibits prostaglandin production
  • Can cause:
    Bleeding, GI ulcers, decrease in renal function, increase in sodium retention, and can reduce pain, fever and inflammation
42
Q

Explain the mechanism of action of ibuprofen

A
  • Non-selective COX inhibitor
  • Binds to COX-1 and produced side effects
  • Binds to COX-2 and causes reduction in pain, fever and inflammation
43
Q

Explain the mechanism of action of celecoxib

A
  • Selective COX-2 inhibitor

- Binds to COX-2 and causes reduction in pain, fever and inflammation

44
Q

Healing process where wound is clean, free of foreign material and necrosis, wound can be held together with minimal gap

A

First intention healing

45
Q

Healing in where there is a large break in tissue, significant inflammation, a long healing period and lots of scar tissue

A

Second intention healing

46
Q

Name the 3 phases in wound healing

A
  1. Inflammatory Phase
  2. Proliferative Phase
  3. Remodelling Phase

2804NRS - Human Pathophysiology and Pharmacology (5 decks)

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