week 1 - cardiac + HTN (1) Flashcards
Define Acute Coronary Syndrome.
signs + symptoms due to a diseased coronary artery that has ruptured because of atherosclerotic plaque that resulted in a partial or complete thrombosis
define afterload.
the amount of resistance to eject blood from the ventricle (the amount of pressure the heart needs to exert to pump blood out of the ventricles
Apical Impulse/ PMI
this is caused by the contraction of the ventricle
Where do you palpate the apical impulse/ PMI?
at the 5th intercostal space, on the left midclavicular line
Which node is the secondary pacemaker of the heart?
The AV node. Atrioventricular
What are Baroreceptors?
nerve fibers located in the aortic arch + carotid arteries - they control blood pressure
describe cardiac catheterization.
-invasive procedure
-Measures cardiac chamber pressure
-assesses patency of coronary arteries
What is the cardiac conduction system?
specialized cardiac cells responsible for generating + coordinating the transmission of electrical impulses to myocardial cells
define cardiac output.
the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle.
-measured in LPM
What is a cardiac stress test?
this evaluates the heart function at a time for increased oxygen demand
What is used to initiate a cardiac stress test.
-exercise
-medication
What does contractility mean?
the ability of the cardiac muscle to shorten in response to am electrical impulse
define depolarization.
electrical activation of a cell caused by sodium entering the cell + potassium leaving the cell
define diastole.
a period of ventricular relaxation so they can refill with blood
What is the ejection fraction?
the percentage of blood ejected from the ventricle with each heartbeat
What is hemodynamic monitoring?
directly measuring cardiovascular function with pressure monitoring devices
What is considered Hypertension?
a BP consistently over 130/80
What is considered hypotension?
a BP less than 90/60 that is compromising systemic perfusion
What is a heart murmur?
sounds created from abnormal, turbulent blood flow in the heart
define myocardial ISCHEMIA.
heart muscle cells aren’t receiving enough oxygen
What is the muscle layer of the heart responsible for the pumping action of the heart?
Myocardium.
Normal heart sounds are produced when the valves close? What are those normal sounds?
S1 - atrioventricular valves
S2 - semilunar valves
What are opening snaps?
abnormal diastolic sounds from the opening of rigid atrioventricular valve leaflets
what is orthostatic blood pressure?
this is a significant drop in blood pressure after standing upright
define preload.
the degree of stretch in the cardiac muscle nerve fibers at the end of diastole
What is pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)?
the resistance of blood flow out of the right ventricle created by the pulmonary circulatory system
What is a pulse deficit?
the difference between apical pulse and radial pulse rates
what are radioisotopes?
unstable atoms giving off small amounts of energy via gamma rays as they decay
-used in cardiac nuclear medicine studies
what is repolarization?
when the cell returns to a resting state;
potassium is reentering the cell and sodium is exiting
describe the S1 heart sound.
the “lub” produced by the AV valves closing
what are the 2 AV valves?
mitral
tricuspid
describe the S2 heart sound.
the “dub” produced by the semilunar valves closing
what are the 2 semilunar valves?
aortic
pulmonic
what is an S3 heart sound?
-abnormal
-occurs early in diastole
-resistance is met with blood entering either ventricle
what most commonly causes an S3 heart sound?
volume overload associated with heart failure
what is an S4 heart sound?
-abnormal
- occurs late in diastole
-resistance is met with blood entering either ventricle during atrial contraction
what is the most common cause of an S4 heart sound?
hypertrophy of the ventricle
what is the primary pacemaker of the heart?
the SA node (sinoatrial)
what is stroke volume?
the amount of blood ejected from one of the ventricles per heartbeat
what is a summation gallop?
-abnormal heart sound
-created when S3 +S4 are present during tachycardia
define systemic vascular resistance.
the resistance of blood flow out of the left ventricle created from the systemic circulatory system
what is SYSTOLE?
period of ventricular contraction resulting in ejection of blood from the ventricles into the pulmonary artery or aorta
what is a systolic click?
-an abnormal systolic sound
-when a calcified aortic or pulmonic valve open during ventricular contraction
what is telemetry?
continuous ECG monitoring
