week 1: bovine respiratory

Question 1

Which pathologic lung pattern is associated with infectious pathogens typically?

Answer 1

cranial ventral

Question 2

Which of the following statements is true about Veterinary Feed Directives (VFD)?

a. Extra Label Drug Use is legal with a VFD in some species
b. VFD are needed for non-medically important drugs
c. Two VFD are needed when a medicated feed is fed to the same age group at two different sites managed and fed by the same feed mill.
d. VFD are required for medicated milk replacers

Answer 2

d. VFD are required for medicated milk replacers

Question 3

You are asked by your client to put into the respiratory treatment protocol the correct dose of flunixin but to administer intramuscular instead of intravenous as the label prescribes. “It’s just easier that way, Doc.” Are you allowed to prescribe flunixin in this ELDU?

a. No, you cannot prescribe a ELDU based on convenience of administration.
b. No, flunixin is a prohibited drug in all food animals.
c. Yes, however you must determine the new beef withdrawal time

Answer 3

a. No, you cannot prescribe a ELDU based on convenience of administration.

Question 4

Which of the following is an acceptable ELDU treatment of a cephalosporin in major species of food animals?

a. altering the route
b. altering the frequency
c. altering the indication
d. altering the duration

Answer 4

c. altering the indication

Question 5

You leave your food animal only veterinary clinic in South Dakota to visit a classmate who owns a food animal only veterinary clinic in France. Since it is illegal to use in food animal medicine in the USA, you are surprised to see which drug in her pharmacy?

a. Tetracycline
b. Fluroquinolone
c. Metronidazole
d. Cephapirin

Answer 5

c. Metronidazole

Question 6

One of your clients just called about purchasing 40 healthy, unvaccinated heifers in the adjacent state. The client asks if there is “something you can do for them?” You verify with your records that the client purchased from the same location for last two year. You also verify a high incident of pneumonia from shipping fever occurring each time the animals arrive. You decide to treat with an antibiotic when the cattle arrive. Which type of treatment would this be?

a. Metaphylaxis treatment
b. Prophylaxis treatment
c. Infirm treatment

Answer 6

b. Prophylaxis treatment

Question 7

Which of the following species is considered a major food animal species by FDA?

a. Honeybees
b. Ducks
c. Turkeys
d. Farmed raised aquatics

Answer 7

c. Turkeys

Question 8

Who develops/determines tolerance levels of antimicrobials in edible tissues in the United States?

a. EPA- Environmental Protection Agency
b. FDA- Food and Drug Administration
c. FARAD- Food Animal Residue and Avoidance Database

Answer 8

b. FDA- Food and Drug Administration

Question 9

You give a 400lb red angus steer a label dose of Tulathromycin. The withdrawal period for Tulathromycin is 18 days. The client asks you why the withdrawal is so long. Which of the following would be a correct answer?

a. “You are right. Don’t worry about it. They probably won’t check for residues.”
b. “The withdrawal time is the amount of time necessary for any tissue reaction from the drug to resolve at the injection site.”
c. “The withdrawal time is the amount of time necessary for evaluation of clinical efficacy of the drug.”
d. “The withdrawal time is the amount of time necessary for the drug concentration to fall below the tolerance level in all edible tissues.”

Answer 9

d. “The withdrawal time is the amount of time necessary for the drug concentration to fall below the tolerance level in all edible tissues.”

Question 10

Your daughter’s Maricopa County Fair champion milking shorthorn, “Phalen,” has developed pneumonia. Phalen weighs 800lbs and is 5 years old. Which of the following treatment would be illegal?

a. A correct route of administration, dose, frequency, and duration of tetracycline for treatment of pneumonia.
b. Fluoroquinolone because it’s a pet and will not enter the food chain.
c. A label dose of flunixin

Answer 10

b. Fluoroquinolone because it’s a pet and will not enter the food chain.

Question 11

Footrot in cattle describes a contagious infective disease in which the interdigital soft tissue that has been physically damaged (e.g. stepping on a frozen manure chunk), is subsequently infected by anaerobic microorganisms that include Fusobacterium necrophorum (G- anaerobe) and Prevotella melaninogenica (G- anaerobe). Without considering FDA labeling and purely from an antibiotic pharmacology perspective, which antibiotic/route would have the LEAST likelihood of being effective in treating footrot in cattle?

a. penicillin G, IM
b. oxytetracycline,IV
c. gentamicin, IM
d. lincomycin, IM

Answer 11

c. gentamicin, IM (aminoglycoside- cannot treat anerobes

Question 12

Rapid IV injection of which of the following drugs has been documented to cause collapse in cattle?

a. penicillin G
b. gentamicin
c. sulfadimethoxime
d. oxytetracycline

Answer 12

d. oxytetracycline

Question 13

A two-phase plasma concentration Vs. time curve (focusing on post-Cmax portion of the curve), with an initial rapid decline in the first phase, and a much slower decline in the second phase (also called the terminal phase) is a major factor in recommendations against using systemic doses of this category of antibacterial drugs in food animals. Which drug class are we referring to?

a. aminoglycosides
b. cephalosporins
c. fluoroquinolones
d. thiamphenicols

Answer 13

a. aminoglycosides

Question 14

Danofloxacin has a spectrum of activity that includes 4 common causative agents, Pasturella. multocida, Mannheimia. haemolytica, Histophilus somni, Mycoplasma bovis) in Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRD)

a. True
b. False

Answer 14

a. True

Question 15

Oral administration of which of the following drugs to a 2-year-old cow would be medically contraindicated (for this question just focusing on the pharmacology/adverse effects, not regulatory requirements)?

a. sulfadimethoxime
b. oxytetracyclilne
c. florfenicol
d. lincomycin

Answer 15

d. lincomycin

Question 16

Aminoglycosides do not work on what?

Answer 16

anerobes

Question 17

oral bioavailability of aminoglycosides?

Answer 17

poor oral bioavailability

Question 18

What drugs cannot be used in dairy cows/heifers over 20 months of age

Answer 18

fluoroquinolones cannot be used in dairy cows/heifers over 20 months of age

Question 19

lincomycin adverse effects

Answer 19

oral administration to gut fermenters =rumen dysbiosis

Question 20

Which of the following organisms requires previous damage of the upper respiratory tract mucosa (mechanical lesion or previous infection), to allow penetration and colonization?

a. Fungal spores
b. Fusobacterium necrophorum
c. Histophilus somni
d. Mycobacterium bovis

Answer 20

b. Fusobacterium necrophorum

Question 21

Which of the following is correct regarding Moldy Sweet Potato toxicity?

a. Calves nursing cows with the disease are NOT affected.
b. Treatment includes administration of long-term antibiotics (such as tulathromycin or enrofloxacin).
c. The main clinical signs are fever and mucopurulent nasal discharge.
d. When moldy sweet potato is fed or accidentally ingested by cows, the number of affected animals in a herd is low, the clinical signs are temporary, and there is a very low fatality rate.

Answer 21

a. Calves nursing cows with the disease are NOT affected.

Question 22

Which of the following is correct regarding Caudal Vena Cava Thrombosis (CVCT)?

a. The condition is presented in dairy cattle only, specifically Holstein cattle and those older than 5 years old.
b. In general, affected animals showed mild rhinorrhea for 2-to 3-days, and then recovered between a period of 7-to 10-days without treatment.
c. In ruminants, CVCT is commonly a sequela of liver abscesses secondary to rumenitis, although other infectious disorders can trigger this condition (like jugular phlebitis, mastitis, metritis, and foot rot).
d. The bacteria responsible for the development of this disorder is Salmonella dublin.

Answer 22

c. In ruminants, CVCT is commonly a sequela of liver abscesses secondary to rumenitis, although other infectious disorders can trigger this condition (like jugular phlebitis, mastitis, metritis, and foot rot).

diseases that form clots will cause

Question 23

Which of the following is correct regarding lungworm disease?

a. The parasites cycle of life requires the existence of an intermediate host, like slugs or snails, that usually live close to natural sources of water.
b. Clinical presentation typically occurs in adult animals or animals that have been in contact with the parasite previously (and therefore, generate an exacerbated reaction during the new contact due to the previous formation of antibodies).
c. Diagnosis can be achieved by finding the presence of the larvae in the transtracheal wash (TTW) detected by a Baermann test.
d. Diagnosis can be achieved by finding the presence of Trichostrongyle-type eggs in the feces.

Answer 23

c. Diagnosis can be achieved by finding the presence of the larvae in the transtracheal wash (TTW) detected by a Baermann test.

Eggs located in pasture-> larvae->swallow-> cough up -> migrate to lungs

Baermann test- fecal test but can be used during the TTW to look at worms

Question 24

In severe cases of dyspnea in calves with necrotic laryngitis (diphtheria), which of the following actions would be the most helpful to save the calf’s life?

a. Increase the frequency of oxytetracycline administration.
b. Perform a tracheostomy.
c. Increase the frequency of steroids administration.
d. Administration of gentamicin at 7 mg/kg, IM, once.

Answer 24

b. Perform a tracheostomy.

Question 25

What is the name of the pneumotoxin present in sweet potatoes infested by fungus?

a. Fumonisin
b. 4-ipomeanol
c. Ochratoxin
d. Aflatoxin

Answer 25

b. 4-ipomeanol

Question 26

A cow presents with an anaphylactic reaction after the administration of an intramuscular medication, what would be your first treatment of choice?

a. Oxygen therapy to prevent hypoxemia due to laryngeal edema.
b. Diuretics (e.g., furosemide) to prevent pulmonary edema.
c. Epinephrine, administered subcutaneously or intravenously to prevent hypotension.
d. Oral diphenhydramine, as an antihistaminic

Answer 26

c. Epinephrine, administered subcutaneously or intravenously to prevent hypotension.

Histamine release- vasodilation-> epi to decrease

Question 27

Which of the following sentences is FALSE about Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema and Emphysema (ABPEE) or Fog fever?

a. It occurs primarily in adult cattle.
b. Coughing is the most common clinical sign.
c. The fatality rate is high (approximately 30% during the first 2 days).
d. Subcutaneous emphysema may appear in some cattle.

Answer 27

b. Coughing is the most common clinical sign.

Question 28

H. somni primary or secondary disease?

Answer 28

Secondary

Question 29

Moldy sweet potato toxicity:

Answer 29

pneumotoxins (most abundant is 4-ipomeanol).

Question 30

What is a Baermann test?

Answer 30

• fecal test but can be used during the TTW to look at worms

Question 31

Life cycle of lung worm? Where are eggs and larvae found?

Answer 31

L1 larvae in poop->
swallow L3 larvae->
L3 penetrate intestines, travel to lymph nodes and molt ->
L4 are carried to lungs in blood/lymph

Question 32

Lower respiratory anatomy includes??

____ & ____

Answer 32

trachea & alveoli

Question 33

What does subcutaneous emphysema look what?

Answer 33

Air bubbles under skin (usually more dorsal)

think bubble wrap!

Question 34

Treatment of Fog Fever7j

Answer 34

1. Gradually decrease the amount of hay fed and increase the time on pasture over a period of 10 to- 12-days.
2. Treat all the animals with monensin from the day before until 10 days after the pasture change.

Question 35

Sampled lung for Fog Fever - what do you see?

Answer 35

Eosinophilic hyaline membranes and proliferation of type 2 cells.

Question 36

Would you expect young animals (<15 months of age) to be affected in a larger proportion than adult animals in AIP/ toxicity/ fog fever?

Answer 36

NO, adult animals would be affected in a larger proportion than young animals.

Question 37

Can you diagnose AIP/ toxicity/ fog fever without tests?

Answer 37

yes, clinical signs and hx of exposure to some specific plants.

Question 38

When do we see necrotic laryngitis? Clinical signs?

Answer 38

fall and winter

young animals
coughing

Question 39

What is the restriction with flourquinolones?

Answer 39

Cannot use on dairy cows older than 20 months

Question 40

What microorganism is most commonly responsible for the development of tuberculosis in cattle?

Answer 40

Mycobacterium bovis

Question 41

what diagnostic protocols would you perform first with suspected TB?

Answer 41

Perform a caudal fold tuberculin test (CFT) on the affected animals.

(False positives- highly specific)

Question 42

What diagnostic tests is considered the ‘Gold Standard’ to confirm tuberculosis?

Answer 42

Mycobacterial culture of the lesions found during necropsy.

Question 43

Upon detection of a TB positive animal (using the CFT). What would be the next step?

Answer 43

Notify the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)–VS District Office and State animal health officials.

Question 44

Which viral pathogen may not require a stressful event to cause an outbreak?

Answer 44

BRSV has been associated with well managed herds without a history of a stressful event.

Question 45

How does BVDV cause bovine respiratory disease?

Answer 45

Not directly. BVD has an infinity toward immune cells. Therefore, a severe leukopenia occurs which allows for other pathogens to cause an infection.

Question 46

1. Which of the following pathogens can cause an outbreak in a well-managed facility without a stress factor?

a. Bovine herpes virus type- 1
b. Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus
c. Pasteurella multocida
d. Histoplasma somni

Answer 46

b. Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus

does not require stress factor

Question 47

2.Co-infection of Mannheimia haemolytica with Bovine Herpes Virus type-1 (IBR) increase the pathogenicity of Mannheimia haemolytica by which of the following mechanisms?

a. increase phagocytosis of IBR by macrophages
b. cause syncytium formation of epithelial cells
c. increase production of leukotoxin by M. haemolytica.
d. increases the replication of M. haemolytica

Answer 47

c. increase production of leukotoxin by M. haemolytica.

Question 48

3.Which one of the following tests is most likely to include upper airway commensals? (Choose one only)

a. Deep Nasopharyngeal swab
b. Nasal swab
c. postmortem lung samples
d. Trans tracheal wash

Answer 48

b. Nasal swab

Question 49

4. A winter storm decreases the temperature an extra 20°F for the past two days. Which of the following respiratory defenses will be affected by the cold air?

a. Alveolar macrophages
b. Inflammatory response of epithelial cells
c. mucociliary clearance
d. nutritional plane of animal

Answer 49

c. mucociliary clearance

Question 50

5. What would be a contra-indication of using Dexamethasone as an anti-inflammatory in cattle?

Answer 50

Pregnancy (abortive)

Latent infection of IBR (trigeminal nerve)

Question 51

Which of the following pathogen is associated with nodular abscesses? (PIC)

a. Mannheimia haemolytica
b. Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus
c. Histophilus somni
d. Trueperella pyogenes

Answer 51

Mycoplasma

Trueperella pyogenes

Question 52

7. Your client is experiencing an outbreak of pneumonia in a group of steers which just arrived at the facility. Which one of the following tests would help you identify the pathogen quickly from a Bronchial Alveolar Lavage (BAL)?

a. Microbial Culture
b. Immunohistochemistry
c. Polymerase Chain Reaction
d. Serology

Answer 52

c. Polymerase Chain Reaction

serology-needs blood

Question 53

8. Which of the following pathogens are associated with high grade temperatures (>107°F)?

a. Mannheimia haemolytica
b. Mycoplasma bovis
c. Pasteurella multocida
d. Trueperella pyogenes

Answer 53

a. Mannheimia haemolytica

Question 54

Gram-negative bacteria or Gram-Positive?

a. Histophilus somni
b. Mannheimia haemolytica
c. Pasteurella multocida
d. Trueperella pyogenes

Answer 54

A.Histophilus somni (-)

b. Mannheimia haemolytica (-)
c. Pasteurella multocida (-)
d. Trueperella pyogenes (+)

Question 55

10. In general, what is the normal cycle of Bovine respiratory Disease?

a. Stressful event, viral infection, bacterial infection
b. Stressful host, bacterial infection, viral infection
c. bacterial infection, stressful event, viral infection

Answer 55

a. Stressful event, viral infection, bacterial infection

Question 56

Difference between endotoxin vs exotoxin

Answer 56

endotoxin- bacteria dies

exotoxin- bacteria just throwing it out there