Week 1-BACTE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Question 1

Identified the “holy grail” of genetics in 1944 with their
finding that the “transforming principle” or genetic
material of S. pneumoniae was DNA, not protein as
previously postulated.

Answer 1

Oswald Avery, Maclyn MacCarty, and Colin MacLeod

Question 2

Discoverer of serum therapy for diphtheria and tetanus

Answer 2

Emil von Behring

Question 3

 Discovered bacterial endotoxin
 Played a major role in the development of killed typhoid
vaccines

Answer 3

Richard Pfieffer

Question 4

Co-discoverer of antibodies, antigens, and chemotherapy
for infectious diseases.

Answer 4

Paul Elrich

Question 5

He was the first to use the Hanging Drop Method by
studying bacterial motility

Answer 5

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

Question 6

Father of Bacteriology”

Answer 6

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

Question 7

Identified anthrax bacilli in the blood of infected sheep
and successfully transmitted the infection into healthy
experimental animals.

Answer 7

Robert koch

Question 8

He also pioneered a number of laboratory techniques
such as the use of oil immersion microscope to study
bacteria
 Developed new staining methods for bacterial
identification
 Invented procedures for the isolation of pure bacterial
cultures (Koch plate technique) on solid media facilitated
by the use of agar as the solidifying agent in flat petri
dishes
 Discovered the microbial etiology of tuberculosis
 Also discovered the causal or causative agent of cholera

Answer 8

Robert Koch

Question 9

Father of Modern Surgery”

Answer 9

Joseph Lister

Question 10

Developed a system of antiseptic surgery — designed to
prevent microorganisms from entering wounds. This
approach was remarkably successful and transformed
surgery after Lister published his findings in 1867. It also
provided strong evidence for the role of microorganisms
in disease because phenol, which killed bacteria, also
prevented wound infections.

Answer 10

Joseph Lister

Question 11

He established the guiding principles of antisepsis for
good surgical practice and was milestone in the evolution
of surgical practice from the era of “laudable pus” to
modern antisepsis techniques.

Answer 11

Joseph Lister

Question 12

Discovered cobra antivenin and developed Bacillus-
Calmette-Guerin, the first effective tuberculosis vaccine.

Answer 12

Albert Calmette

Question 13

Discovered the process of phagocytosis and provided the
initial description of innate immunity.

Answer 13

Ilya Metchnikoff

Question 14

Discovered whooping cough bacillus and complements

Answer 14

Jules Bordet

Question 15

Discovered diphtheria toxin and antitoxin

Answer 15

Emile Roux

Question 16

Co-discoverer of plague bacillus

Answer 16

Alexandra Yersin

Question 17

Invented the autoclave and developed the Pasteurella
vaccine

Answer 17

Charles Chamberland

Question 18

Invented the autoclave and developed the Pasteurella
vaccine

Answer 18

Charles Chamberland

Question 19

Coined the term “vaccine”

Answer 19

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Question 20

Convincingly demonstrated that microorganisms were
responsible for the fermentation of fluids thus proving
the germ theory of disease.

Answer 20

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Question 21

Convincingly demonstrated that microorganisms were
responsible for the fermentation of fluids thus proving
the germ theory of disease.

Answer 21

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Question 22

Showed the heat sterilization, chemical sterilization, or
filtration of air and water could maintain organic
materials in sterile conditions indefinitely without
microbial growth. Techniques of sterilization and
“pasteurization” of dairy products was soon introduced.

Answer 22

Louis Pasteur

Question 23

Published a pamphlet in which he speculated that
cholera was a waterborne or foodborne, intestinal
illness.

Answer 23

John Snow

Question 24

Founding Father of the field of Epidemiology”

Answer 24

John Snow

Question 25

Advocated hand washing using dilute, chlorinated
lime solution to help stop the spread of disease.

Answer 25

Ignaz Semmelweis

Question 26

From the earliest times, people believed and
supported spontaneous generation that living
organisms could develop from nonliving matter.

Answer 26

Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis)

Question 27

He first accurately described the different shapes of
bacteria as cocci (spheres), bacilli (rods) and
spirochetes (spiral filaments) and communicated
them to Royal Society of London in 1683.

Answer 27

Anton van Leeuwwenhoek

Question 28

Credited with first identifying microorganisms, or
“little animals or animacules”, using his newly
developed microscope in 1677.

Answer 28

Anton van Leeuwwenhoek

Question 29

Made key observations on microscopic organisms

Answer 29

Robert Hooke

Question 30

Wrote a treatise on the germ theory of disease
entitled “de Contagione”

Answer 30

Girolamo Fracastoro or Hieronymous Fracastorius