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PA1: Pharmacology > Week 1 Antibiotics: Cell Wall ✅ > Flashcards

Week 1 Antibiotics: Cell Wall ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 antibiotic target sites?

A

Cell wall
DNA
Protein synthesis in ribosomes

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2
Q

What are the 3 cell wall group antibiotics?

A

β-lactams
Vancomycin
Bacitracin/Polymyxin

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of β-lactams?

A

Penicillins
Carbapenems
Cephalosporin
Monobactams

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4
Q

What is the difference between gram +ve and -ve?

A

Gram-ve has an extra layer of lipopolysaccharide

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5
Q

What are the layers of gram+ve bacteria?

A

Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Peptidoglycan

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6
Q

What are the layers of gram-ve bacteria?

A

Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Peptidoglycan
Lipopolysaccharide

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7
Q

What layer of bacteria stains in a gram stain?

A

Peptidoglycan

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8
Q

What is the function of peptidoglycan?

A

Determine shape and structure of the bacteria e.g. rod, cone, sphere
Cross-linked to provide strength

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9
Q

Are Penicillins more effective in gram+ve or -ve bacteria?

A

Gram +ve

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10
Q

What is the site of action of Penicillin?

A

Transpeptidase enzyme

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11
Q

How does Penicillin work? MOA in bacteria?

A

β-lactam ring binds to transpeptidase enzyme and inhibits the cross linking in the cell wall so it loses strength and cell membrane is exposed to osmotic damage

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12
Q

What is Pen G also known as?

A

Benzylpenicillin

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13
Q

What is Pen G used for?

A

Severe infection

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14
Q

How is Pen G administered?

A

Injection as degraded in the stomach

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15
Q

What is Pen V also known as?

A

Phenoxymethylpenicillin

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16
Q

What is Pen V used for?

A

Strep throat

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17
Q

How is Pen V administered?

A

Oral

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18
Q

What does streptococcal bacteria cause?

A

Pneumonia and endocarditis

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19
Q

What does clostridia bacteria cause?

A

Tetanus

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20
Q

What does meningococcal bacteria cause?

A

Meningitis and septicaemia

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21
Q

What is Amoxicillin used to treat?

A

Pneumonia, UTI, hospital-acquired pneumonia, H. pylori

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22
Q

Is Amoxicillin broad spec or narrow spec Penicillin?

A

Main broad spectrum - benefit includes doesn’t have to identify bacteria first

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23
Q

What is a side effect of Amoxicillin?

A

Diarrhoea - influences the gut biome
Can cause C. diff and colitis

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24
Q

Is Amoxicillin metabolised by the liver?

A

No

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25
Q

What is Flucloxacillin used to treat?

A

Skin infection

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26
Q

What is different about the structure of Flucloxacillin?

A

No β-lactam ring

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27
Q

What is β-lactamase?

A

Produced by bacteria to break β-lactam ring in Penicillin

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28
Q

What is Co-Amoxiclav?

A

Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid

29
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Co-Amoxiclav?

A

Inhibits β-lactamase
Otherwise has no antibacterial action so thats why it needs dual drugs

30
Q

Is Pen V broad spec or narrow spec?

A

Narrow spec

31
Q

What are the characteristics of pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Gram-ve
Affects catheters and ventilators in COVID

32
Q

How does Tazocin work?

A

Penetrates gram-ve cell wall easily

33
Q

How is Tazocin administered?

A

IV infusion only

34
Q

What is Tazocin made up of?

A

Piperacillin and Tazobactam

35
Q

What is Tazocin used to treat?

A

Broad spec SEVERE infections

36
Q

What is Penicillin hypersensitivity?

A

Cytotoxic
T-cell mediated
Anaphylaxis
Immune complex mediated
Skin rash, itchy

37
Q

What is the Penicillin cross sensitivity traffic light system?

A

Green - DNA/protein synthesis antibiotics
Orange - β-lactam antibiotics
Red - contains all penicillins

38
Q

What is Penicillin neurotoxicity?

A

β-lactam antibiotics inhibit GABA-A receptor and damage BBB

39
Q

What are the effects of Penicillin neurotoxicity?

A

Encephalopathy
Severe renal failure
DO NOT INJECT INTRATHECAL (CSF)

40
Q

Name 4 Cephalosporins

A

Cefalexin
Cefuroxime
Cefotaxime
Ceftaroline Fosamil

41
Q

What is Cefalexin used to treat?

A

Pneumonia, UTI, skin infections

42
Q

How is Cefalexin administered?

A

Injected (secondary care)

43
Q

What is Cefuroxime used to treat?

A

H. influenzae, CAP, Lyme disease

44
Q

How is Cefuroxime administered?

A

Oral or injection

45
Q

What is the advantage of Cefalexin?

A

Less susceptible to β-lactamase enzyme

46
Q

What is the advantage of Cefuroxime?

A

Resistant to more β-lactamases than Cefalexin
More -ve then +ve

47
Q

What is Cefotaxime used to treat?

A

Pneumonia, community acquired meningitis, gonorrhoea, Lyme disease, H. influenzae, Neisseria, Enterobacter inc. E. coli (not pseudomonas A)

48
Q

How is Cefotaxime administered?

A

Injection only

49
Q

What is the advantage of Cefotaxime?

A

Resistant to more β-lactamases than Cefalexin
More -ve then +ve

50
Q

What is Ceftaroline Fosamil used to treat?

A

Gram+ve MRSA
Skin infections

51
Q

What are the features of Ceftaroline Fosamil?

A

Prodrug
Broad spec (weaker -ve)

52
Q

How is Ceftaroline Fosamil administered?

A

IV infusion

53
Q

What is an example of a Carbapenem?

A

Meropenem

54
Q

How do Carbapenems work?

A

Less susceptibility to β-lactamase + INHIBIT

55
Q

What is Carbapenems used to treat?

A

Multiple drug resistant organisms, complicated infections - broadest spectrum available for both -ve and +ve

56
Q

How is Meropenem administered?

A

IV

57
Q

How do bacteria transfer mutations?

A

Transduction
Conjugation
Transformation

58
Q

Give an example of a Monobactam

A

Aztreonam

59
Q

What does Aztreonam used to treat?

A

Pseudomonas A

60
Q

How does Aztreonam work?

A

High affinity for Penicillin binding protein 3 (PBP-3) on ONLY -VE bacteria

61
Q

How is Aztreonam delivered?

A

IV/IM/inhaled

62
Q

When might you choose to prescribe Aztreonam instead of Penicillin?

A

Penicillin allergy

63
Q

What is Vancomycin used to treat?

A

C. diff
Resistent and serious infections

64
Q

How does Vancomycin work?

A

Prevents sugars from linking up to form outside of the cell

65
Q

What bacteria does Vancomycin work on?

A

Gram +ve only

66
Q

What part of the body is Vancomycin good for treating and why?

A

GI tract
Not absorbed in the GI tract so treats adverse effects of other antibiotics e.g. C. diff

67
Q

Why does caution need to be taken with Vancomycin?

A

Narrow therapeutic window
Ear and kidney toxicity
Rapid IV infusion - thrombophlebitis, red neck syndrome

68
Q
A

PA1: Pharmacology (8 decks)

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