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JL Renal and Urology > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

Concentration of osmotically active particles present in a solution.

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2
Q

What two factors allow osmolarity to be calculated?

A
  1. Molar concentration of the solution

2. Number of osmotically active particles present

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3
Q

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

A

Shrinkage

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4
Q

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

Lysis

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5
Q

What is the tonicity of sucrose solution and urea?

A

Sucrose - isotonic

Urea - hypotonic

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6
Q

What two components does total body water exist as?

A

ICF (67%) and ECF (33%)

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7
Q

What four substances does extracellular fluid contain?

A
  1. Plasma (20%)
  2. Interstitial fluid (80%)
  3. Lymph
  4. Trascellular fluid
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8
Q

What is the tracer for TBW?

A

H2O

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9
Q

What is the tracer for ECF?

A

Inulin

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10
Q

What is the tracer for plasma>

A

Labelled albumin

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11
Q

How do you measure distribution volume of a tracer?

A
  1. Add known quantity of tracer to body
  2. Measure equilibration volume of X in body
  3. Distribution volume is tracer added divided by equilibration volume
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12
Q

Name two insensible losses of water from the body

A
  1. Skin

2. Lungs

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13
Q

Name 3 sensible losses of water from the body?

A
  1. Sweat
  2. Faeces
  3. Urine
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14
Q

Is there more sodium outside or inside the cell?

A

Outside

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15
Q

Is there more potassium outside or inside the cell?

A

Inside

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16
Q

Is there more chloride outside or inside the cell?

A

Outside

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17
Q

Is there more bicarbonate outside or inside the cell?

A

Outside

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18
Q

What can be said about the osmotic concentrations of both ECF and ICF?

A

Identical

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19
Q

In relation to fluid shifts - what happens when there is a gain or loss of water?

A

Change in fluid osmolarity and similar changes in ICF and ECF volumes so both increase or decrease

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20
Q

In relation to fluid shifts - what happens when there is a gain or loss of NaCl?

A

Change in fluid osmolarity. Na excluded from ICF and osmotic water movements. These two factors combine to produce opposite changes in ICF and ECF volumes.

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21
Q

In relation to fluid shifts - what happens when there is a gain or loss of isotonic fluid?

A

No change in osmolarity so change in ECF only

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22
Q

What structure alters the composition and volume of ECF?

A

Kidney

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23
Q

90% of the osmotic concentration of the ECF results from what?

A

Sodium salts

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24
Q

What is the nephron composed of?

A

Renal corpuscle and renal tubules

25
Q

What is the renal corpuscle composed of?

A

Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

26
Q

Two layers seperate the blood from the glomerular filtrate: the capillary endothelium and a specialised epithelium which lies on top of the glomerular capillaries - what are these epithelial cells called?

27
Q

What function do mesangial cells have?

A

Support and removl of debris

28
Q

What distinctive feature do proximal convuluted tubules show?

A

Hairy appearance to apical ends of cells

29
Q

Where is the loop of henle located?

A

In the medulla

30
Q

What cells line the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

A

Simple cuboidal cells with abundant mitochondria

31
Q

What is the term for thin walled blood vessels that dip down into the medulla from above and then climb back up to the cortex?

A

Vasa recta

32
Q

What lines distal convoluted tubules?

A

Lined by simple cuboidal epithelium however unlike the proximal tubules dont have a brush border of microvilli

33
Q

In the medulla the collecting ducts are gathered together in parallel bundles called what?

A

Medullary rays

34
Q

What lines the collecting ducts?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

35
Q

What is the term for the specialised region formed at the site where the distal convuluted tubule passes adjacent to the vascular pole of the same renal corpuscle that forms part of its very own nephron?

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

36
Q

What three things make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A
  1. Macula densa
  2. Juxtaglomerular cells
  3. Extraglomerular mesangial cells
37
Q

What part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus is on the side of the distal CT and is beleived to function in sensing ion composition in teh DCT?

A

Macula densa

38
Q

What part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus is modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole?

A

Justaglomerular cells

39
Q

What cells secrete renin?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

40
Q

What part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus are modified mesangial cells extending outside of the renal corpuscle?

A

Extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis cells)

41
Q

What are most of conducting parts of urinary tract lined by?

A

Transitional epitheliun or urothelium

42
Q

In the conducting parts of urinary tract what are cells at the luminal surface called?

A

Umbrella cells - sepcial thickened and inflexible membrane

43
Q

What is the lining of the female urethra?

A

Initially transitional epithelium then stratified squamous at termination

44
Q

What is prostatic urethra lined by?

A

Transitional epithelium

45
Q

What is membranous urethra lined by?

A

Transitional epithelium changing to stratified columnar

46
Q

What is the lining of penile urethra?

A

Stratified columnar then stratified squamous

47
Q

What structure has tubulo-alveolar glands lined typically by simple columnar secretory epithelium?

48
Q

What do the kidneys do to vitamin D?

A

Turn it into active form calcitriol

49
Q

What are the two types of nephron?

A

Juxtamedullary 20%

Cortical 80%

50
Q

What is the difference between juxtamedullary and cortical nephrons in relation to the loop of Henle?

A

Much longer in juxtamedullary nephron

51
Q

What is urine?

A

Modified filtrate of the blood

52
Q

How much plasma that enters the glomerulus is filtered and how much leaves through the efferent arteriole unfiltered?

A

20% filtered

80% unfiltered

53
Q

For any substance - what does filtration + secretion =

A

Resorption + excretion

54
Q

What is the rate of filtration calculation?

A

Rate of X = [X]plasma x GFR

55
Q

What is the rate of excretion equation?

A

Rate of X = [X]urine x Vu (urine flow rate)

56
Q

If rate of filtration is bigger than rate of excretion then what has occured?

A

Net reabsorption

57
Q

Rate of reabsorption of X = ?

A

Rate of filtration of X - rate of excretion of X

58
Q

If rate of filtration is less than rate of excretion, what has occured?

A

Net secretion

59
Q

Rate of secretion of X = ?

A

Rate of excretion of X - rate of filtration of X

JL Renal and Urology (9 decks)

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