Anatomy (1) Flashcards
1
Q
What two structures are in the retroperitoneum?
A
- Kidneys
2. Proximal ureters
2
Q
What three structures are in the pelvis?
A
- Distal ureters
- Bladder
- Proximal urethra
3
Q
What structure is in the perineum?
A
Distal urethra
4
Q
At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?
A
L4
5
Q
From the visceral peritoneum - what structures are found deep until the kidney is reached?
A
- Visceral peritoneum
- Paranephric fat
- Renal deep fascia
- Perinephric fat
- Renal capsule
6
Q
What muscle is the kidney lateral to?
A
Psoas major
7
Q
What muscle is the kidney anterior to?
A
Quadratus lumborum
8
Q
What are the three structures of the renal hilum?
A
- Renal artery
- Renal vein
- Ureter
9
Q
Name a muscle of the right side of the posterior abdominal wall?
A
Quadratus lumborum
10
Q
What level is the right kidney at?
A
L1-L3
11
Q
What level is the left kidney at?
A
T12-L2
12
Q
What ribs are posteriorly related to the kidenys?
A
11 and 12
13
Q
The right kidney is posterior to the liver and what other space?
A
Hepatorenal recess
14
Q
Name four structures the left kidney is posterior to?
A
- Stomach
- Tail of the pancreas
- Hilum of the spleen
- Splenic vessels
15
Q
What are more anterior - renal veins or arteries?
A
Veins
16
Q
What nodes does lymph from kidneys drain to?
A
Lumbar nodes - located around AA and IVC
17
Q
What nodes do lymph from the ureters drain to?
A
Lumbar nodes and iliac nodes
18
Q
How many pyramids are in the human medulla?
A
27
19
Q
What does each pyramid contain?
A
50000 nephrons
20
Q
What structure of the nephron does ultrafiltration of the blood arriving via branches of renal artery?
A
Glomerulus
21
Q
What structure comes after glomerulus?
A
Proximal convuloted tubule
22
Q
Where does the collecting duct drain modified filtrate into after it has passed through the pyramid?
A
MInor calyx
23
Q
How does urine drain from the kidney?
A
- Minor calyx
- Major calyx
- Renal pelvis
- Ureter
24
Q
What are the three sites of ureteric constriction?
A
- Pelviureteric junction
- Ureter crossing anterior aspect of common iliac artery
- Ureteric orifice
25
What is hydronephrosis?
Water in the kidney
26
Where is the false pelvis?
From iliac crest to pelvic inlet - part of abdominal acivty
27
Where is true pelvis?
From pelvic inlet to pelvic floor - pelvic cavity
28
Where is the bladder found?
In the pelvic cavity
29
Name the pelvic floor muscle?
Levator ani
30
What does the urethra pass through the pelvic floor to reach>
Perineum
31
What do the ureters pass anterior to to enter the pelvis?
Common iliac vessels
32
At what level do the ureters turn medially to enter the posterior aspect of the bladder?
Level of ischial spine
33
What is the most inferior part of male peritoneal cavity?
Rectovesicle pouch
34
In females - what is lateral to the right ureter?
Right suspensory ligament
35
Where does the right uterine tube terminate?
In right ovary
36
What does the round ligament of the uterus do?
Attaches uterus to the perineum via the inguinal canal
37
What is the most inferior part of female peritoneal cavity?
Rectouterine pouch - of Douglas!
38
In females - what does the ureter run inferiorly to?
Uterine tubes and uterine artery - water under the bridge
39
In males whast does the ureter run inferiorly to?
Vas deferns
40
What are the arteries entering the pelvis mainly from?
Interal iliac artery
41
In females - what are the four arteries leaving the internal iliac artery to supply the pelvis?
1. Vesical artery
2. Uterine artery
3. Middle rectal artery
4. Vaginal artery
42
What three things form the traingle shape of the trigone in the bladder?
2 ureteric orifices and internal urethral orifice
43
What is the muscle that forms the main bulk of the bladder wall?
Detrusor
44
Around the neck of the male bladder - what does the detrusor muscle form?
Internal urethral sphincter muscle which contracts during ejaculation to prevent retrograde ejaculation
45
What is the most anterior organ in the pelvis?
Bladder - posterior to pubic bone
46
In females where does the body of the uterus lie?
Superior to the bladder - seperated by uterovesical pouch
47
In males what lies inferior to the bladder and ?
Prostate
48
What covers the superior surface of the bladder only?
Peritoneum
49
Is the epididimys anterior or posterior?
Posterior
50
What does the vas deferens and seminal gland form?
Ejaculatory duct
51
Where did testis ebryologically develop?
In posterior abdomen - travel through inguinal canal
52
Inside the scrotum - what does the testis sit in?
Sac called tunica vaginalis
53
What are the two layers of the tunica vaginalis?
Parietal and visceral
54
What is a hydrocele?
Excess fluid within the tunica vaginalis
55
What does the right spermatic cord contain?
Vas deferenss, testicular arteru and pampiniform plexus
56
What do the testicular arteries branch from?
Aorta
57
Where does right testicular vein drain to?
IVC
58
Where does left testicular vein drain to?
Left renal vein
59
Where is sperm produced?
Seminiferous tubules
60
What size is the prostate gland?
Walnut sized
61
What is inferior aspect of prostate gland in contact with?
Levator ani muscle
62
What part of prostate is felt on rectal exam and is the malignant part?
PEROPHERAL ZONE
63
What structures in the penis transmit the deep arteries of the penis?
Right and left corpus cavernosum
64
What is the root of penis attached laterally to?
Ischium of pelvis
65
Describe blood supply to the penis?
From deep arteries of penis; branches from internal pudendal artery (from internal iliac)
66
Describe blood supply to scrotum?
Via internal pudendal and branches from external iliac artery
67
Where does lymph from the scrotum and most of penis (not glans) drain to?
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes - found in superficial fascia in groin
68
Where does lymph from the testis drain to?
Lumbar nodes around abdominal aorta
69
What are sensations from body wall conveyed to the CNS by?
Somatic sensory nerve fibres
70
What are sensations from our organs conveyed to the CNS by?
Visceral afferent nerve fibres
71
What is pain from pelvic urethra conveyed by?
Visceral afferent
72
What is pain from urethra in perinuem conveyed by?
Somatic sensory
73
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
74
What spinal cord levels do sympathetic nerve fibres leave the CNS within?
T1 - L2
75
At what level fo sympathetic fibres leave the CNS to get to the kidneys, ureters and bladder?
T10 and L2
76
wHAT DO SYMPATHETIC fibres from CNS leave the chain in to reach the kidneys, ureters and bladder?
Abdominosplanchnic nerves
77
Where are the abdominal sympathetic ganglia located?
Around abdominal aorta
78
What cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibres?
3, 7, 9 and 10
79
What nerve carries parasympathetic fibres to innervate the kidneys and ureter?
Vagus nerve
80
What nerve carries parasympathetic fibres to innervate the bladder?
Plevic splanchnic nerves
81
What level of spinal nerves make up the pelvic splanchnic nerves?
S2, 3 and 4
82
What structure of the perineum is innervated by somatic motor nerve fibres?
Distal to pelvic floor urethra and external urethral sphincter and levator ani
83
What nerve supplies the external urethral sphincter?
Pudendal nerve
84
What nerves stimulate the bladder to contract?
Parasympathetic from S2-4 via pelvic splanchnic nerves stimualte detrusor muscle to contract
85
What fibres stimulate levator ani to contract?
S3 and S4
86
Where is pain from the kidney felt?
In posterior aspect of flank region
87
Where is pain from a calculus obstructing the ureter be felt?
Rdiating from loin to groin
88
At what level to visceral afferents from the kidneys enter?
T11 to L1
89
At what level do visceral afferents from ureters enter spinal cord between?
T11 and L2
90
What do visceral afferents carrying pain from superior part of bladder (which touches peritoneum) run alongside?
Sympathetic fibres - enter at T11 - L2
91
What do visceral afferents carrying pain from rest of bladder run alongside?
Parasympathetic nerbe fibres - enter at S2-4
92
What do visceral afferents carrying pain from testis run alongside?
Sympathetic fibres to enter at T10 to 11
93
What nerve fibres are key in control of micturition?
S2-S4
94
What fibres do pelvic splanmchnic nerves carry (S2-4)?
Parasympathetic
95
What fibres do pudendal nerve carry (S2-S4)?
Somatic motor nerves
96
What nerve roots make up sciatic nerve?
L4 - S3
97
What nerve root is iliohypogastric?
L1
98
What nerve root is ilioinguinal?
L1
99
What nerve root is lateral cutaneous nerbe of thigh?
L2 L3
100
What nerve root is genitofemoral nerve?
L1 and L2
101
What nerve roots are femoral and obturator?
L2 - L4
102
What nerve supplies sensation to plantar aspect of foot?
Tibial
103
What nerve supplies 1st web space of toe?
Deep fibular
104
What nerve supplies sensation to lateral aspect of foot?
Sural nerve (from tibial and common fibular nerve)
