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JL Renal and Urology > Anatomy (1) > Flashcards

Anatomy (1) Flashcards

1
Q

What two structures are in the retroperitoneum?

A
  1. Kidneys

2. Proximal ureters

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2
Q

What three structures are in the pelvis?

A
  1. Distal ureters
  2. Bladder
  3. Proximal urethra
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3
Q

What structure is in the perineum?

A

Distal urethra

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4
Q

At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?

A

L4

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5
Q

From the visceral peritoneum - what structures are found deep until the kidney is reached?

A
  1. Visceral peritoneum
  2. Paranephric fat
  3. Renal deep fascia
  4. Perinephric fat
  5. Renal capsule
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6
Q

What muscle is the kidney lateral to?

A

Psoas major

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7
Q

What muscle is the kidney anterior to?

A

Quadratus lumborum

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8
Q

What are the three structures of the renal hilum?

A
  1. Renal artery
  2. Renal vein
  3. Ureter
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9
Q

Name a muscle of the right side of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Quadratus lumborum

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10
Q

What level is the right kidney at?

A

L1-L3

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11
Q

What level is the left kidney at?

A

T12-L2

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12
Q

What ribs are posteriorly related to the kidenys?

A

11 and 12

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13
Q

The right kidney is posterior to the liver and what other space?

A

Hepatorenal recess

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14
Q

Name four structures the left kidney is posterior to?

A
  1. Stomach
  2. Tail of the pancreas
  3. Hilum of the spleen
  4. Splenic vessels
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15
Q

What are more anterior - renal veins or arteries?

A

Veins

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16
Q

What nodes does lymph from kidneys drain to?

A

Lumbar nodes - located around AA and IVC

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17
Q

What nodes do lymph from the ureters drain to?

A

Lumbar nodes and iliac nodes

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18
Q

How many pyramids are in the human medulla?

A

27

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19
Q

What does each pyramid contain?

A

50000 nephrons

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20
Q

What structure of the nephron does ultrafiltration of the blood arriving via branches of renal artery?

A

Glomerulus

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21
Q

What structure comes after glomerulus?

A

Proximal convuloted tubule

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22
Q

Where does the collecting duct drain modified filtrate into after it has passed through the pyramid?

A

MInor calyx

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23
Q

How does urine drain from the kidney?

A
  1. Minor calyx
  2. Major calyx
  3. Renal pelvis
  4. Ureter
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24
Q

What are the three sites of ureteric constriction?

A
  1. Pelviureteric junction
  2. Ureter crossing anterior aspect of common iliac artery
  3. Ureteric orifice
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25
Q

What is hydronephrosis?

A

Water in the kidney

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26
Q

Where is the false pelvis?

A

From iliac crest to pelvic inlet - part of abdominal acivty

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27
Q

Where is true pelvis?

A

From pelvic inlet to pelvic floor - pelvic cavity

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28
Q

Where is the bladder found?

A

In the pelvic cavity

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29
Q

Name the pelvic floor muscle?

A

Levator ani

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30
Q

What does the urethra pass through the pelvic floor to reach>

A

Perineum

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31
Q

What do the ureters pass anterior to to enter the pelvis?

A

Common iliac vessels

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32
Q

At what level do the ureters turn medially to enter the posterior aspect of the bladder?

A

Level of ischial spine

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33
Q

What is the most inferior part of male peritoneal cavity?

A

Rectovesicle pouch

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34
Q

In females - what is lateral to the right ureter?

A

Right suspensory ligament

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35
Q

Where does the right uterine tube terminate?

A

In right ovary

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36
Q

What does the round ligament of the uterus do?

A

Attaches uterus to the perineum via the inguinal canal

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37
Q

What is the most inferior part of female peritoneal cavity?

A

Rectouterine pouch - of Douglas!

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38
Q

In females - what does the ureter run inferiorly to?

A

Uterine tubes and uterine artery - water under the bridge

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39
Q

In males whast does the ureter run inferiorly to?

A

Vas deferns

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40
Q

What are the arteries entering the pelvis mainly from?

A

Interal iliac artery

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41
Q

In females - what are the four arteries leaving the internal iliac artery to supply the pelvis?

A
  1. Vesical artery
  2. Uterine artery
  3. Middle rectal artery
  4. Vaginal artery
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42
Q

What three things form the traingle shape of the trigone in the bladder?

A

2 ureteric orifices and internal urethral orifice

43
Q

What is the muscle that forms the main bulk of the bladder wall?

A

Detrusor

44
Q

Around the neck of the male bladder - what does the detrusor muscle form?

A

Internal urethral sphincter muscle which contracts during ejaculation to prevent retrograde ejaculation

45
Q

What is the most anterior organ in the pelvis?

A

Bladder - posterior to pubic bone

46
Q

In females where does the body of the uterus lie?

A

Superior to the bladder - seperated by uterovesical pouch

47
Q

In males what lies inferior to the bladder and ?

A

Prostate

48
Q

What covers the superior surface of the bladder only?

A

Peritoneum

49
Q

Is the epididimys anterior or posterior?

A

Posterior

50
Q

What does the vas deferens and seminal gland form?

A

Ejaculatory duct

51
Q

Where did testis ebryologically develop?

A

In posterior abdomen - travel through inguinal canal

52
Q

Inside the scrotum - what does the testis sit in?

A

Sac called tunica vaginalis

53
Q

What are the two layers of the tunica vaginalis?

A

Parietal and visceral

54
Q

What is a hydrocele?

A

Excess fluid within the tunica vaginalis

55
Q

What does the right spermatic cord contain?

A

Vas deferenss, testicular arteru and pampiniform plexus

56
Q

What do the testicular arteries branch from?

A

Aorta

57
Q

Where does right testicular vein drain to?

A

IVC

58
Q

Where does left testicular vein drain to?

A

Left renal vein

59
Q

Where is sperm produced?

A

Seminiferous tubules

60
Q

What size is the prostate gland?

A

Walnut sized

61
Q

What is inferior aspect of prostate gland in contact with?

A

Levator ani muscle

62
Q

What part of prostate is felt on rectal exam and is the malignant part?

A

PEROPHERAL ZONE

63
Q

What structures in the penis transmit the deep arteries of the penis?

A

Right and left corpus cavernosum

64
Q

What is the root of penis attached laterally to?

A

Ischium of pelvis

65
Q

Describe blood supply to the penis?

A

From deep arteries of penis; branches from internal pudendal artery (from internal iliac)

66
Q

Describe blood supply to scrotum?

A

Via internal pudendal and branches from external iliac artery

67
Q

Where does lymph from the scrotum and most of penis (not glans) drain to?

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes - found in superficial fascia in groin

68
Q

Where does lymph from the testis drain to?

A

Lumbar nodes around abdominal aorta

69
Q

What are sensations from body wall conveyed to the CNS by?

A

Somatic sensory nerve fibres

70
Q

What are sensations from our organs conveyed to the CNS by?

A

Visceral afferent nerve fibres

71
Q

What is pain from pelvic urethra conveyed by?

A

Visceral afferent

72
Q

What is pain from urethra in perinuem conveyed by?

A

Somatic sensory

73
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

74
Q

What spinal cord levels do sympathetic nerve fibres leave the CNS within?

A

T1 - L2

75
Q

At what level fo sympathetic fibres leave the CNS to get to the kidneys, ureters and bladder?

A

T10 and L2

76
Q

wHAT DO SYMPATHETIC fibres from CNS leave the chain in to reach the kidneys, ureters and bladder?

A

Abdominosplanchnic nerves

77
Q

Where are the abdominal sympathetic ganglia located?

A

Around abdominal aorta

78
Q

What cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibres?

A

3, 7, 9 and 10

79
Q

What nerve carries parasympathetic fibres to innervate the kidneys and ureter?

A

Vagus nerve

80
Q

What nerve carries parasympathetic fibres to innervate the bladder?

A

Plevic splanchnic nerves

81
Q

What level of spinal nerves make up the pelvic splanchnic nerves?

A

S2, 3 and 4

82
Q

What structure of the perineum is innervated by somatic motor nerve fibres?

A

Distal to pelvic floor urethra and external urethral sphincter and levator ani

83
Q

What nerve supplies the external urethral sphincter?

A

Pudendal nerve

84
Q

What nerves stimulate the bladder to contract?

A

Parasympathetic from S2-4 via pelvic splanchnic nerves stimualte detrusor muscle to contract

85
Q

What fibres stimulate levator ani to contract?

A

S3 and S4

86
Q

Where is pain from the kidney felt?

A

In posterior aspect of flank region

87
Q

Where is pain from a calculus obstructing the ureter be felt?

A

Rdiating from loin to groin

88
Q

At what level to visceral afferents from the kidneys enter?

A

T11 to L1

89
Q

At what level do visceral afferents from ureters enter spinal cord between?

A

T11 and L2

90
Q

What do visceral afferents carrying pain from superior part of bladder (which touches peritoneum) run alongside?

A

Sympathetic fibres - enter at T11 - L2

91
Q

What do visceral afferents carrying pain from rest of bladder run alongside?

A

Parasympathetic nerbe fibres - enter at S2-4

92
Q

What do visceral afferents carrying pain from testis run alongside?

A

Sympathetic fibres to enter at T10 to 11

93
Q

What nerve fibres are key in control of micturition?

A

S2-S4

94
Q

What fibres do pelvic splanmchnic nerves carry (S2-4)?

A

Parasympathetic

95
Q

What fibres do pudendal nerve carry (S2-S4)?

A

Somatic motor nerves

96
Q

What nerve roots make up sciatic nerve?

A

L4 - S3

97
Q

What nerve root is iliohypogastric?

A

L1

98
Q

What nerve root is ilioinguinal?

A

L1

99
Q

What nerve root is lateral cutaneous nerbe of thigh?

A

L2 L3

100
Q

What nerve root is genitofemoral nerve?

A

L1 and L2

101
Q

What nerve roots are femoral and obturator?

A

L2 - L4

102
Q

What nerve supplies sensation to plantar aspect of foot?

A

Tibial

103
Q

What nerve supplies 1st web space of toe?

A

Deep fibular

104
Q

What nerve supplies sensation to lateral aspect of foot?

A

Sural nerve (from tibial and common fibular nerve)

JL Renal and Urology (9 decks)

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