Week 1-2 Lumbar, cervical, thoracic spine Flashcards
functions of vertebrae column
- protect spinal cord and spinal nerves
- role in locomotion and posture
- supports weight of the body above the pelvis
- forces of gravity dissipated 消散 by the S shape
how many vertebrae in total
total 33
cervical - 7
thoracic - 12
lumbar - 5
sacrum - 5
coccyx - 4
shape of lumbar lordosis and sacral kyphosis
lumbar loadosis: concave posteriorly – secondary curvature
sacral kyphosis: concave anteriorly – primary cuvature
primary vs secondary curvatures
primary curvatures:
- develop during foetal period
- concave anteriorly
- occur in thoracic and scaral regions
secondary curvatures:
- appear during foetal period - become obvious in infancy
- differences in thickness between ant/ posterior parts of intervertebral discs
what is the function of pedicles
contributing to part of the vertebral arch
What part of a typical vertebrae that ossifies from a pressure epiphysis?
vertebral body
body and foreman of lumbar vertebra
kidney shaped and triangular
body and foreman of cervical vertebra
wide from side to side; rounded triangle and relatively large
body and foreman of thoracic vertebra
heart shaped; circular and smaller
lumbosacral spine features - intervertebral joints (between vertebral bodies) (classification and function)
secondary cartilaginous joint (symphyses)
function: limit ROM of spine, withstand pressure between vertebral bodies
intervertebral disc includes
annular fibrosis - resist movement in different direction
nucleus pulposus - resist axial compression forces
cartilages and plates (hyaline)
arrangement of blood supply of intervertebral joint
no nerve and blood supply
can change shape but not volume
function of intervertebral disc
shock absorption
zygapophysial/ facet joint classification and function
- between vertebral arches
- synovial plane joint
- gliding movement between articular processes
zygopophyseal joints of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine
cervical:
- aligned in the coronal plane (but oriented obliquely ~45 degrees plane inclined anteriorly)
thoracic:
- have an orientation that favours rotation
- aligned in the coronal plane
lumbar:
- typically aligned in a sagittal plane (~90 degrees to the sagittal plane)
deep layer of muscles
long group (erector spinae):
* iliocostalis
* longissimus
* spinalis
oblique group (transversospinalis):
* multifidus
* rotatores
* semispinalis
short group:
* intertransversales
* interspinales
* levatores costarum
innervation: dorsal primary rami
Describe the components of a typical spinal nerve:
anterior (ventral) root - efferent, motor fibers
posterior (dorsal) root - afferent, sensory fibers
dorsal root ganglion
vental primary rami
dorsal primary rami
which structure containing the cell bodies of sensory neurons
dorsal root ganglion
Describe in the lumbosacral spine, the gross structure of the spinal cord and its related structures:
- motor and sensory nerve roots
- dorsal root ganglia
- meninges: dura, arachnoid, pia mater
- space: epidural (extradural), dura-arachnoid interface (subdural), subarachnoid (contains CSF)
termination of cord (L1/2)conus medullaris- cauda equina (horse tail)
- dural sac of S2
- lumbosacral enlargement
- filum terminate —> continuation of pia mater
- extradural fat and venous plexuses
dermatome
an area of skin supplied by a single spinal segment
myotome
an area of muscle supplied by a single spinal segment
L2, 3, 4, 5 S1 - myotome
L2 - hip flexion
L3 - knee extension
L4 - ankle dorsiflexion
L5 - toe extension
S1- ankle plantarflexion and toe flexion
C1-2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, T1, T7-12- myotome
C1 - neck flexion
C2 - neck extension
C3 - neck lateral flexion
C4 - scapula retraction & elevation
C5 - shoulder abduction
C6 - elbow flexion, wrist extension
C7 - elbow extension, wrist flexion
C8 - fingers flexion
T1 - fingers abduction
T7-12 - move, stabilise trunk
Sensory supply to the vertebral column and to the components of the vertebral canal in the lumbosacral spine:
dorsal (posterior) rami of spinal nerves
radicular nerves (recurrent meningeal)
