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1022 ANATOMY > Week 1-2 Lumbar, cervical, thoracic spine > Flashcards

Week 1-2 Lumbar, cervical, thoracic spine Flashcards

1
Q

functions of vertebrae column

A
  • protect spinal cord and spinal nerves
  • role in locomotion and posture
  • supports weight of the body above the pelvis
  • forces of gravity dissipated 消散 by the S shape
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2
Q

how many vertebrae in total

A

total 33
cervical - 7
thoracic - 12
lumbar - 5
sacrum - 5
coccyx - 4

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3
Q

shape of lumbar lordosis and sacral kyphosis

A

lumbar loadosis: concave posteriorly – secondary curvature
sacral kyphosis: concave anteriorly – primary cuvature

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4
Q

primary vs secondary curvatures

A

primary curvatures:
- develop during foetal period
- concave anteriorly
- occur in thoracic and scaral regions

secondary curvatures:
- appear during foetal period - become obvious in infancy
- differences in thickness between ant/ posterior parts of intervertebral discs

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5
Q

what is the function of pedicles

A

contributing to part of the vertebral arch

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6
Q

What part of a typical vertebrae that ossifies from a pressure epiphysis?

A

vertebral body

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7
Q

body and foreman of lumbar vertebra

A

kidney shaped and triangular

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8
Q

body and foreman of cervical vertebra

A

wide from side to side; rounded triangle and relatively large

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9
Q

body and foreman of thoracic vertebra

A

heart shaped; circular and smaller

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10
Q

lumbosacral spine features - intervertebral joints (between vertebral bodies) (classification and function)

A

secondary cartilaginous joint (symphyses)
function: limit ROM of spine, withstand pressure between vertebral bodies

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11
Q

intervertebral disc includes

A

annular fibrosis - resist movement in different direction
nucleus pulposus - resist axial compression forces
cartilages and plates (hyaline)

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12
Q

arrangement of blood supply of intervertebral joint

A

no nerve and blood supply
can change shape but not volume

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13
Q

function of intervertebral disc

A

shock absorption

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14
Q

zygapophysial/ facet joint classification and function

A
  • between vertebral arches
  • synovial plane joint
  • gliding movement between articular processes
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15
Q

zygopophyseal joints of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine

A

cervical:
- aligned in the coronal plane (but oriented obliquely ~45 degrees plane inclined anteriorly)

thoracic:
- have an orientation that favours rotation
- aligned in the coronal plane

lumbar:
- typically aligned in a sagittal plane (~90 degrees to the sagittal plane)

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16
Q

deep layer of muscles

A

 long group (erector spinae):
* iliocostalis
* longissimus
* spinalis

 oblique group (transversospinalis):
* multifidus
* rotatores
* semispinalis

 short group:
* intertransversales
* interspinales
* levatores costarum

innervation: dorsal primary rami

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17
Q

Describe the components of a typical spinal nerve:

A

anterior (ventral) root - efferent, motor fibers
posterior (dorsal) root - afferent, sensory fibers
dorsal root ganglion
vental primary rami
dorsal primary rami

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18
Q

which structure containing the cell bodies of sensory neurons

A

dorsal root ganglion

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19
Q

Describe in the lumbosacral spine, the gross structure of the spinal cord and its related structures:

A
  • motor and sensory nerve roots
  • dorsal root ganglia
  • meninges: dura, arachnoid, pia mater
  • space: epidural (extradural), dura-arachnoid interface (subdural), subarachnoid (contains CSF)
  • termination of cord (L1/2)
  • conus medullaris
  • cauda equina (horse tail)
  • dural sac of S2
  • lumbosacral enlargement
  • filum terminate —> continuation of pia mater
  • extradural fat and venous plexuses
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20
Q

dermatome

A

an area of skin supplied by a single spinal segment

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21
Q

myotome

A

an area of muscle supplied by a single spinal segment

22
Q

L2, 3, 4, 5 S1 - myotome

A

L2 - hip flexion
L3 - knee extension
L4 - ankle dorsiflexion
L5 - toe extension
S1- ankle plantarflexion and toe flexion

23
Q

C1-2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, T1, T7-12- myotome

A

C1 - neck flexion
C2 - neck extension
C3 - neck lateral flexion
C4 - scapula retraction & elevation
C5 - shoulder abduction
C6 - elbow flexion, wrist extension
C7 - elbow extension, wrist flexion
C8 - fingers flexion
T1 - fingers abduction
T7-12 - move, stabilise trunk

24
Q

Sensory supply to the vertebral column and to the components of the vertebral canal in the lumbosacral spine:

A

dorsal (posterior) rami of spinal nerves
radicular nerves (recurrent meningeal)

25
Q

Arterial supply (and their sources) to the vertebral column and to the spinal cord in the lumbosacral spine:

A

anterior (1) and posterior (2) spinal arteries
abdominal aorta (lumbar arteries)

26
Q

Venous drainage of the vertebral column and the vertebral canal in the lumbosacral spine:

A

spinal veins (3 anterior/ 3 posterior)
external/ internal vertebral venous plexus

27
Q

anterior wall of vertebral canal in the lumbosacral region

A

PLL
intervertebral disc
vertebral bodies

28
Q

posterior wall of vertebral canal in the lumbosacral region

A

laminae
ligamentum flava
base of spinous process

29
Q

lateral wall of vertebral canal in the lumbosacral region

A

pedicle
intervertebral foramine

30
Q

contents of vertebral canal in the lumbosacral region

A

dural sac
epidural space

31
Q

intervertebral foreman in the lumbosacral region formed by

A
  • inferior vertebral notch of upper Lx vertebra
  • superior vertebral notch of lower Lx vertebra
32
Q

contents of intervertebral foramen in the lumbosacral region

A

anterior/ posterior spinal nerve roots
mixed spinal nerves
dorsal root ganglion
arteries, veins, lymphatics
extradural fat

33
Q

typical cervical vertebra - superior articular processes and facets

A

directed superoposteriorly

34
Q

typical cervical vertebra - inferior articular processes and facets

A

directed inferoanteriorly

35
Q

C1 (atlas)

A
  • no body or spinous process
  • allow ‘yes’ motion of the head
36
Q

C2 (axis)

A
  • have dens
  • allow ‘no’ motion of the head
  • bifid spinous process
37
Q

which vertebral is known as the vertebra prominens 椎骨突出

A

C7

38
Q

spinous process of typical thoracic vertebra

A

long and slope posteroinferiorly

39
Q

atypical T1 vertebrae

A
  • complete costal facet superiorly
  • demi facets inferiorly
  • spinous process is long and almost horizontal
40
Q

atypical T12 vertebrae

A
  • transitional vertebrae
  • largest body of all thoracic spine
  • transverse process have no costal facets
  • superior facet in the same plane (coronal) as thoracic spine
  • inferior facet in the same plane (sagittal) as lumbar spine
41
Q

AO atlanto occipital joint

A

2 synovial condyloid (ellipsoid) joint
no intervertebral disc

42
Q

AA atlanto axial joint

A

3 synovial joints:
2 plane joint (laterally), 1 pivot joint (centrally)
no intervertebral disc

43
Q

joints of cervical spine

A
  1. AO joint
  2. AA joint
  3. intervertebral joint
  4. facet joint
44
Q

costovertebral joint vs costotransverse joint

A

costovertebral joint:
between head of rib and vertebral body

costotransverse joint:
between neck of rib and transverse process

45
Q

cervicothoracic spine features

A
  • anterior longitudinal ligament
  • posterior longitudinal ligament
  • alar ligament (prevent excessive head rotation)
  • lgamentum flavum
  • nuchal ligament
  • cruciate ligament (transverse ligament of atlas, superior and inferior longitudinal bands)
  • supraspinous, interspinous and intertransverse ligaments (resist seperation of the spinous processes during flexion)
46
Q

muscles of the region of the back—serving the upper limb and rib cage:

A
  • superficial (extrinsic) layer:

 1st layer:
* trapezius
* latissimus dorsi

 2nd layer:
* levator scapulae
* rhomboid major
* rhomboid minor

  • intermediate (extrinsic) layer:

 serratus posterior superior
& secondary curvatures
 serratus posterior inferior

47
Q

Gross structure of the spinal cord and its related structures in the cervicothoracic spine:

A
  • motor and sensory nerve roots
  • dorsal (posterior) root ganglia
  • meninges and related spaces
  • extradural fat
  • cervical enlargement
48
Q

Sensory supply to the vertebral column and to the components of the vertebral canal in the cervicothoracic spine:

A

dorsal rami of spinal nerves
radicular nerves

49
Q

Arterial supply to the vertebral column and to the components of the vertebral canal in the cervicothoracic spine:

A

anterior (1) and posterior (2) spinal arteries
posterior intercostals (thoracic aorta)

50
Q

Venous drainage to the vertebral column and to the components of the vertebral canal in the cervicothoracic spine:

A

spinal veins (3 anterior/ 3 posterior)
external/ internal vertebrae venous plexus

1022 ANATOMY (10 decks)

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