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Chemistry > Week 1 & 2 Basics of Physics > Flashcards

Week 1 & 2 Basics of Physics Flashcards

1
Q

What is Newton’s first law of motion?

A

An object at rest remains at rest until a force acts upon it.

Aka: law of inertia

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2
Q

What is velocity?

A
  • describes how the position of an object changes with time.
  • its a vector.
  • also has to do with position of origin. If end point same as starting point, velocity is zero

-generally m/s

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3
Q

What are vectors?

A
  • have both magnitude and direction
  • vectors can be added to give the resultant vector.
  • mass is not a vector
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4
Q

What is acceleration?

A
  • describes how velocity changes with time
  • a vector quantity
  • generally m/s2
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5
Q

What is force?

A
  • a push or pull

- related to Newton’s second law: F=ma

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6
Q

What is gravity?

A
  • it is the universal attraction between all objects.
  • Newton’s third law: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
  • 9.8m/s2
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7
Q

What is weight?

A
  • Weight is the gravitational force exerted on an object by another larger object such as the earth
  • W=mg
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8
Q

What is pressure?

A

-pressure is force per unit area.

Pressure = force/area

  • unit is pounds per square inch (psi)
  • pressure increases by either increasing the applied force, or decreasing the area the force is applied
  • pressure decreases by either decreasing the applied force, or increasing the area the force is applied
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9
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

Air pressure results from gravity pulling on the atmospheric, and the resulting force is spread over the earth’s surface

  • the weight of the air above us
  • roughly 14 psi = 1 atmosphere = 760mmHg
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10
Q

What is a barometer?

A

Measures absolute pressure or atmospheric pressure.

-

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11
Q

What is a Bourdon gauge?

A
  • measure gauge pressure, but is affected by changes in atmospheric pressure.
  • use on gas cylinders
  • measures the differences between the pressure in the tank an atmospheric pressure.
  • Ptotal = Pgauge + Patmosphere

-even if gauge reads zero, still pressure in the tank

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12
Q

What are scalar quantities?

A
  • they have magnitude only.
  • They can be additive

Distance, height, weight, speed

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13
Q

What is an aneroid bellow?

A
  • doesn’t need liquid.

- relies on expansion and contraction of a bellow as pressure changes

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14
Q

What is barometric pressure?

A

-The measure of atmospheric pressure

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15
Q

What is work?

A

The expenditure of energy

Measured in joules

W = F x d

F: force
D: distance

Can also be W = P x change of volume
P: pressure

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16
Q

What is power?

A
  • the rate of doing work, or the amount of energy transferred per unit of time
  • measured in watts
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17
Q

What is a machine?

A
  • device for multiplying force
  • does not supply energy, but provides an advantage
    • mechanical advantage = force output/force input
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18
Q

What is energy?

A

Capacity for doing work

19
Q

What are 2 types of engery?

A

Kinetic energy

Potential energy

20
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy that a body possesses by being in motion

21
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Energy possessed by an object by virtue of its position relative to other objects

22
Q

What is the law of conservation of energy?

A

Energy can not be created or destroyed

-it can be changed from one form to another

23
Q

What is the SI standard unit of energy?

A

Joules

24
Q

What is internal energy?

A

The sum of kinetic and potential energies of a system

25
Q

What is thermodynamics?

A

Branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their reaction to energy

26
Q

What is the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics?

A

-2 objects A/B are same temperature. B/C are same temperature. Therefore A/C are equal temperature (thermal equilibrium) and no heat will flow between A/C

27
Q

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

A
  • heat is a form of energy, and thermodynamics states that heat is a form of energy. Therefore, thermodynamic processes are subject to the principle of conservation of energy.
  • Heat can not be created or destroyed
  • from slide: a change in the internal energy of a system is equal to the sum of the heat flow of a system and the work done by/on the system
28
Q

What does exothermic mean?

A

Gives off heat

29
Q

What does endothermic mean?

A

Absorption of heat

30
Q

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Heat spontaneously flows from a hot body to a cold body when 2 bodies are brought into thermal contact
-AKA: entropy law

important for keeping pt warm in OR

31
Q

What does entropy mean?

A

A measure of randomness or disorder in a system.

Systems can be randomized, chaotic, or evenly mixed. A system will never become more organized

32
Q

What is Third Law of Thermodynamics?

A

It is not possible to lower the temperature of an object to absolute zero

33
Q

What is the difference between heat vs. temperature?

A
  • Heat is a process, not a product
    • heat is energy which can be transferred
  • temperature is a numerical ranking of “hot” or “cold”
    • temperature is an arbitrary number
    • temperature is a measurement of the tendency to gain or loose heat
34
Q

What is thermal expansion?

A

-the tendency of matter to change in shape, area, and volume in response to a change in temperature.

  • an increase in heat will cause an object to expand
  • expansion is constant for a given material
  • expansion is constant in all directions
35
Q

What is the unit of measurement for heat?

A

Calorie

Calorie is the heat required to raise 1g of water 1 degree C

36
Q

What is specific heat?

A

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of material by 1 degree C

  • materials with a high specific heat make good insulators
  • materials with a low specific heat make good thermoconductors
37
Q

What is heat capacity?

A

Heat required to raise the temperature of a given material

Heat capacity = mass x specific heat

38
Q

What factors affect the rate of change of heat of an object?

A
  • heat capacity (inv proportional)
  • temperature gradient (dir proportional)
  • surface area (dir proportional)
  • forced convection (dir proportional)
39
Q

What are the different types of heat transfer?

A

how heat is lost

  • radiation: 40%
  • convection: 30%
  • conduction: 20%
  • evaporation: 10%
40
Q

What is convection?

A

Heat transfer caused by a liquid or gas

41
Q

What is conduction?

A

Transfer of heat by the direct interaction of molecules in a hot area with molecules in a cooler area

42
Q

What is radiation?

A

Energy emitted from an object

Requires no physical medium or physical contact between the objects

43
Q

What is evaporation?

A

Heat loss primarily through respiration

44
Q

What are the 4 fundamental forces?

A
  • Strong nuclear force
  • Electromagnetic force
  • Weak nuclear force
  • Gravitational force

Chemistry (7 decks)

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