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Electricisy And Electrical Safety Flashcards

1
Q

What is electricity?

A

The effects produced by moving charges

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2
Q

What types of charges are there?

A

Positive: contain more protons than electrons

Negative: contain less protons than electrons

*like charges repel, opposite charges attract

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3
Q

Coulomb’s Law

A

Like charges repel, opposite charges attract. The magnitude of the electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion

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4
Q

What is SI unit of charge?

A

The coulomb

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5
Q

What is electrical potential energy?

A

If we put a “test charge” into an electric field and hold it still

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6
Q

What is current?

A

Electrical current is the amount or charge flowing per unit time

And amp (ampere) of current corresponds to 1 coulomb of charge per second

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7
Q

What are conductors?

A

Materials in which charges can easily move

  • to be a good conductors, electrons must be able to move easily from one atom to the next
  • metals are good electrical conductors
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8
Q

What are insulators?

A

Most are non-metals and generally are not good conductors

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9
Q

What is the molecular orbital approach to bonding?

A

Atomic orbitals from individual atoms are added together to form molecular orbitals that extend over the entire moleule

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10
Q

What is resistance?

A

The energy required to push electrons through a material

*measured in ohms

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11
Q

Conductance is the ____________ of resistance

A

Reciprocal

Conductance is measured in mhos

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12
Q

Electric circuit

A

The closed path through which a charge flows

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13
Q

Direct current (DC) circuit

A

An electrical circuit in which the current flows in one direction only

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14
Q

Alternating current (AC) circuit

A

An electrical circuit in which the current reverses its direction in a periodic fashion

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15
Q

Short circuit

A

A situation in a circuit where the normal resistance of the circuit is bypasses by a low resistance path resulting in a large current

*if current from a short circuit is not limited by a fuse or circuit breaker, the resulting heat from the high current can lead to a fire

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16
Q

Series circuits

A

When batteries or resistors are connected in a series, the voltages and resistances are added

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17
Q

Parallel circuits

A

When resistors are connected in parallel, current flows through each resistor independently of the other

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18
Q

Electrical power is the product of what 2 things?

A

Volts and amps

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19
Q

What is the difference between electrical energy and electrical power?

A

Power = energy/time

Energy = power x time

*we pay for electrical energy, not electrical power

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20
Q

What are semiconductors?

A

A moderately good conductor of electricity

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21
Q

P-Type Semiconductor

A

Positive type

The crystalline lattice thinks it’s a few electrons short or has “positive holes”

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22
Q

N-Type semiconductor

A

Negative

The crystalline lattice thinks it has extra electrons

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23
Q

What types of diodes are there?

A

Forward bias: when current passes through, electrons move towards eachother

Reverse bias: when current passes through, electrons move away from eachother. Provides a high level of resistance

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24
Q

What are diodes?

A

2 semi-conductors put together (N and P).

Used to control current direction

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25
What are triodes?
Transistors | -another way of manipulating the current to get it to do what you want it to do
26
What is spectroscopy?
The branch of science concerned with the investigation and measurement of spectra produced when matter interacts with or emits electromagnetic radiation
27
How are electrical shocks possible?
If you come in contact with an external source of electricity Also possible from stray capacitance and inductance
28
Macroshock
Large amounts of current conducted through a pts skin or other tissues. The extent of injury will depend on the amount of current and duration of exposure
29
Micoshock
The delivery of small amounts of current directly to the heart Very small currents (=50 micro amps) can produce v-fib
30
What is the threshold of human perception of a shock?
1 milliamp
31
What does a ground wire on a piece of equipment do?
Provides a low-resist case pathway for leakage current and constitutes the major source of protection against microshock in the electrically susceptible pt *never simultaneously tough an electrical device and saline-filled CVP catheter or external pacing wires. * wear rubber gloves
32
Pt monitors are designed to electrically ___________ all direction pt connections from the power supply of the monitor.
Isolate
33
Polarized plugs
New electrical devices have plugs with one narrow prong an done wide prong. Ensures that the plug may be only inserted into the outlet in one orientation
34
Three-pronged grounded plug
Some electrical devices have a rounded third prong that is connected to the ground when plugged into a three-pronged receptacle. If for some reason a high-potential wire comes in contact with the case, the current will flow directly through the third prong instead of through your body
35
Ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)
Used in circuits near water sources. Immediately disrupts the flow of current in the circuit if a change in current is detected *disadvantage of using in OR is that it interrupts power without warning.
36
Modern electrical circuits are typically _____________
Grounded
37
To further decrease the risk of electrical shock in ORs, electrical systems are ___________ from the grounded electrical supply through the use of __________ _____________
Isolated Isolation transformers
38
Isolation transformers
Rely on magnetic inductance to transfer a current from the grounded electrical system to an ungrounded secondary system without the two systems physically contracting each other Lessens the risk of shock
39
____________ systems i the OR prevent accidental shocks resulting from simply touching a single live wire
Ungrounded
40
If live wires make contact with tea ground, the ungrounded system now becomes a ground system. Thus we say a ______ has occurred resulting in a grounded system
Fault
41
Line isolation monitor
A device that alarms when a fault in an ungrounded system occurs Located between live wires and a ground to that the impedance to current flow can be measured If contact is made between a live wire and a ground, current will flow, resulting in an alarm
42
The alarm set point for a line isolation monitor is usually__________
Between 2 and 5 mA
43
How do you determine if there is a true fault when the line isolation monitor alarms?
- If the gauge reads between 2-5 mA, there is probably too much electrical equipment plugged into the circuit - If the gauge reads > 5 mA, it is like that a faulty piece of equipment is present in the OR - Equipment may be identified by unplugging each piece of equipment until the alarm is silenced - If the faulty piece of equipment is not essential, it should be removed from the OR
44
T/F: the line isolation monitor is not designed to proved protection from microshock.
True
45
This organization sets fire standards from health care facilities
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
46
What 2 factors determined the need to install isolated power in the OR?
Is the OR a wet location? (Presence of blood, fluid, saline solutions) If so, is an interruptible power supply acceptable?
47
All health care facilities are required to have what if the even of a power outage?
Emergency power: electrical generators, battery operated light sources including laryngoscopes, etc
48
The main objective of electrical safety
Make it difficult for electrical current to pass through people
49
Dynamic equilibrium
Most chemical reactions are reversible Reactants combine to give products Products can fall apart to give reactants
50
Le Chatelier’s Principle
When a system in a state of dynamic equilibrium is disturbed, it will enact to re-establish the equilibrium condition
51
When is a system in a state of equilibrium?
When there is a balance between reactants and products Equilibrium constant: K. Provides a numerical description of that balance
52
As K increases, the reaction tends to increasingly favor_________
Products
53
As K decreases, the reaction tends to increasingly favor________
Starting materials
54
``` What are these? Keq Ka kb Ksp ``` (All subscripts of K)
Keq: generic equilibrium constant Ka: weak acids Kb: weak bases Ksp: solubility
55
Why do concentrations of solids or liquids do not appear in the equilibrium constant expression?
Because concentrations of pure solid or liquid, and liquid solvent are nearly constant. These constant values are included with the equilibrium constant
56
If you ADD products, the equilibrium will shift towards________ If you REMOVE products, the equilibrium will shift towards _______
Reactants Products
57
Changing volumes only impacts equilibrium reactions when at least one of the reactants or products is a ___________
Gas *solids and liquids are not compressible
58
What is the most generally used definition of an acid?
Bronstead definition * an acid is a proton donor * a base is a proton acceptor
59
What are conjugate acid-base pairs?
When an acid donates a proton, it’s converted into its conjugate base When a base accepts a proton, it’s converted into its conjugate acid
60
Amphoteric species
Can behave as either an acid or a base H20 is an example H + H2O = H3O+ -> becomes a base H2O = H +OH+ -> becomes an acid
61
The stronger the acid, the _________ the conjugate base
Weaker And vise versa
62
Stronger acids/bases are more or less determined to give/take a proton
More
63
Strong bases are:
Soluble ionic hydroxides
64
The pH scale is based on what?
Self-ionization of water
65
What is a pH buffer?
A solution that resists changes in pH May contain a weak acid and its conjugate base
66
When concentrations of a weak acid and its conjugate base are equal, the pH is equal to ________
-pKa
67
Are nonionized drugs lipid soluble>
Yes They readily penetrate the blood brain barrier and placental barriers
68
Ionized form of a drug is______
Water soluble
69
What are the 3 steps to determining the ionization/nonionization of a drug?
1. Is the drug a weak acid or a weak base? 2. What is the pKa of the drug? 3. What is the pH of the target solution is placed in? (Usually the body which is 7.4) Acid + acid = increased nonionized Base + base = increased nonionized Acid + base = decreased nonionized Base + acid = decreased nonionized
70
What is a solution?
Homogenous mixture tats consists of one or more solutes Solvent: present in larger amount Solute: present in smaller amount
71
Molality and molarity
Deals with units of concentration Molality is more useful when dealing with physical chemistry
72
Solubility
The amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent
73
What is a saturated solution?
Contains the maximal amount of a solute as defined by its solubility
74
What is supersaturated?
A solution contains more solute than allowed by the solubility
75
Miscible
Two liquids are miscible if they are soluble in each other at all proportions
76
Solubility guidelines
Like dissolves like
77
Lattice energy
The energy released when molecules or ions settle into crystalline lattice
78
Solvation (hydration) energy
The energy released when an ion (or molecules) settles into a sphere of solvent molecules
79
For a gaseous solute, as partial pressure increases, solubility ___________
Increases
80
Henry’s Law
The amount of a non reaction gas which dissolves in liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas, provided the temperature remains constant
81
For a gas solute, as temperature increases, solubility ____________
Decreases *think of a warm can of pop, turns flat
82
The amount of gas dissolved is inversely or directly proportional to the temperature?
Inversely The colder the liquid, the more gas that will dissolve in the liquid ***If pt colder, anesthetic gas is harder to come off***
83
Colligative properties include what 4 things?
1. Vapor pressure decreasing 2. Boiling point elevation 3. Freezing point depression 4. Osmotic pressure increase *colligative property depends only on the number of solute particles, not the identity of solute particles
84
Raoult’s Law
Describes vapor pressure of a solution
85
As vapor pressure goes down, boiling point goes______
Up Means boils at a higher temp Des has a high vapor pressure and boils at almost room temp
86
Why is salt added to the ice when homemade ice cream?
It lowers the freezing point
87
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through semipermeable membrane Solute particles are too big (or too polar) to make it across the membrane This is how water gets moved around cells
88
Isotonic solutions have _______ concentrations of solute particles Hypertonic solution has a ________ concentration of solute Hypotonic solution has a _________ concentration of solute
Equal Greater Lower
89
Osmotic pressure results from what?
The potential drive for the concentration of water to equalize
90
Fun facts about colloids
- they are not true solutions - colloidal particles cannot be filtered and do not settle out of solution - exhibit the Tyndall effect (light scattering)

Chemistry (7 decks)

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