Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry > Electricisy And Electrical Safety > Flashcards

Electricisy And Electrical Safety Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Chemistry 101 flashcards Periodic Table flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is electricity?

A

The effects produced by moving charges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What types of charges are there?

A

Positive: contain more protons than electrons

Negative: contain less protons than electrons

*like charges repel, opposite charges attract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Coulomb’s Law

A

Like charges repel, opposite charges attract. The magnitude of the electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is SI unit of charge?

A

The coulomb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is electrical potential energy?

A

If we put a “test charge” into an electric field and hold it still

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is current?

A

Electrical current is the amount or charge flowing per unit time

And amp (ampere) of current corresponds to 1 coulomb of charge per second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are conductors?

A

Materials in which charges can easily move

  • to be a good conductors, electrons must be able to move easily from one atom to the next
  • metals are good electrical conductors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are insulators?

A

Most are non-metals and generally are not good conductors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the molecular orbital approach to bonding?

A

Atomic orbitals from individual atoms are added together to form molecular orbitals that extend over the entire moleule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is resistance?

A

The energy required to push electrons through a material

*measured in ohms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Conductance is the ____________ of resistance

A

Reciprocal

Conductance is measured in mhos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Electric circuit

A

The closed path through which a charge flows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Direct current (DC) circuit

A

An electrical circuit in which the current flows in one direction only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Alternating current (AC) circuit

A

An electrical circuit in which the current reverses its direction in a periodic fashion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Short circuit

A

A situation in a circuit where the normal resistance of the circuit is bypasses by a low resistance path resulting in a large current

*if current from a short circuit is not limited by a fuse or circuit breaker, the resulting heat from the high current can lead to a fire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Series circuits

A

When batteries or resistors are connected in a series, the voltages and resistances are added

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Parallel circuits

A

When resistors are connected in parallel, current flows through each resistor independently of the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Electrical power is the product of what 2 things?

A

Volts and amps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the difference between electrical energy and electrical power?

A

Power = energy/time

Energy = power x time

*we pay for electrical energy, not electrical power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are semiconductors?

A

A moderately good conductor of electricity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

P-Type Semiconductor

A

Positive type

The crystalline lattice thinks it’s a few electrons short or has “positive holes”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

N-Type semiconductor

A

Negative

The crystalline lattice thinks it has extra electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What types of diodes are there?

A

Forward bias: when current passes through, electrons move towards eachother

Reverse bias: when current passes through, electrons move away from eachother. Provides a high level of resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are diodes?

A

2 semi-conductors put together (N and P).

Used to control current direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are triodes?

A

Transistors

-another way of manipulating the current to get it to do what you want it to do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is spectroscopy?

A

The branch of science concerned with the investigation and measurement of spectra produced when matter interacts with or emits electromagnetic radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How are electrical shocks possible?

A

If you come in contact with an external source of electricity

Also possible from stray capacitance and inductance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Macroshock

A

Large amounts of current conducted through a pts skin or other tissues.

The extent of injury will depend on the amount of current and duration of exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Micoshock

A

The delivery of small amounts of current directly to the heart

Very small currents (=50 micro amps) can produce v-fib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the threshold of human perception of a shock?

A

1 milliamp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does a ground wire on a piece of equipment do?

A

Provides a low-resist case pathway for leakage current and constitutes the major source of protection against microshock in the electrically susceptible pt

*never simultaneously tough an electrical device and saline-filled CVP catheter or external pacing wires. * wear rubber gloves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Pt monitors are designed to electrically ___________ all direction pt connections from the power supply of the monitor.

A

Isolate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Polarized plugs

A

New electrical devices have plugs with one narrow prong an done wide prong.

Ensures that the plug may be only inserted into the outlet in one orientation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Three-pronged grounded plug

A

Some electrical devices have a rounded third prong that is connected to the ground when plugged into a three-pronged receptacle.

If for some reason a high-potential wire comes in contact with the case, the current will flow directly through the third prong instead of through your body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)

A

Used in circuits near water sources.

Immediately disrupts the flow of current in the circuit if a change in current is detected

*disadvantage of using in OR is that it interrupts power without warning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Modern electrical circuits are typically _____________

A

Grounded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

To further decrease the risk of electrical shock in ORs, electrical systems are ___________ from the grounded electrical supply through the use of __________ _____________

A

Isolated

Isolation transformers

38
Q

Isolation transformers

A

Rely on magnetic inductance to transfer a current from the grounded electrical system to an ungrounded secondary system without the two systems physically contracting each other

Lessens the risk of shock

39
Q

____________ systems i the OR prevent accidental shocks resulting from simply touching a single live wire

A

Ungrounded

40
Q

If live wires make contact with tea ground, the ungrounded system now becomes a ground system. Thus we say a ______ has occurred resulting in a grounded system

A

Fault

41
Q

Line isolation monitor

A

A device that alarms when a fault in an ungrounded system occurs

Located between live wires and a ground to that the impedance to current flow can be measured

If contact is made between a live wire and a ground, current will flow, resulting in an alarm

42
Q

The alarm set point for a line isolation monitor is usually__________

A

Between 2 and 5 mA

43
Q

How do you determine if there is a true fault when the line isolation monitor alarms?

A
  • If the gauge reads between 2-5 mA, there is probably too much electrical equipment plugged into the circuit
  • If the gauge reads > 5 mA, it is like that a faulty piece of equipment is present in the OR
  • Equipment may be identified by unplugging each piece of equipment until the alarm is silenced
  • If the faulty piece of equipment is not essential, it should be removed from the OR
44
Q

T/F: the line isolation monitor is not designed to proved protection from microshock.

A

True

45
Q

This organization sets fire standards from health care facilities

A

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

46
Q

What 2 factors determined the need to install isolated power in the OR?

A

Is the OR a wet location? (Presence of blood, fluid, saline solutions)

If so, is an interruptible power supply acceptable?

47
Q

All health care facilities are required to have what if the even of a power outage?

A

Emergency power: electrical generators, battery operated light sources including laryngoscopes, etc

48
Q

The main objective of electrical safety

A

Make it difficult for electrical current to pass through people

49
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

Most chemical reactions are reversible

Reactants combine to give products

Products can fall apart to give reactants

50
Q

Le Chatelier’s Principle

A

When a system in a state of dynamic equilibrium is disturbed, it will enact to re-establish the equilibrium condition

51
Q

When is a system in a state of equilibrium?

A

When there is a balance between reactants and products

Equilibrium constant: K. Provides a numerical description of that balance

52
Q

As K increases, the reaction tends to increasingly favor_________

A

Products

53
Q

As K decreases, the reaction tends to increasingly favor________

A

Starting materials

54
Q 
What are these?
Keq
Ka
kb
Ksp

(All subscripts of K)

A

Keq: generic equilibrium constant
Ka: weak acids
Kb: weak bases
Ksp: solubility

55
Q

Why do concentrations of solids or liquids do not appear in the equilibrium constant expression?

A

Because concentrations of pure solid or liquid, and liquid solvent are nearly constant. These constant values are included with the equilibrium constant

56
Q

If you ADD products, the equilibrium will shift towards________

If you REMOVE products, the equilibrium will shift towards _______

A

Reactants

Products

57
Q

Changing volumes only impacts equilibrium reactions when at least one of the reactants or products is a ___________

A

Gas

*solids and liquids are not compressible

58
Q

What is the most generally used definition of an acid?

A

Bronstead definition

  • an acid is a proton donor
  • a base is a proton acceptor
59
Q

What are conjugate acid-base pairs?

A

When an acid donates a proton, it’s converted into its conjugate base

When a base accepts a proton, it’s converted into its conjugate acid

60
Q

Amphoteric species

A

Can behave as either an acid or a base

H20 is an example

H + H2O = H3O+ -> becomes a base

H2O = H +OH+ -> becomes an acid

61
Q

The stronger the acid, the _________ the conjugate base

A

Weaker

And vise versa

62
Q

Stronger acids/bases are more or less determined to give/take a proton

A

More

63
Q

Strong bases are:

A

Soluble ionic hydroxides

64
Q

The pH scale is based on what?

A

Self-ionization of water

65
Q

What is a pH buffer?

A

A solution that resists changes in pH

May contain a weak acid and its conjugate base

66
Q

When concentrations of a weak acid and its conjugate base are equal, the pH is equal to ________

A

-pKa

67
Q

Are nonionized drugs lipid soluble>

A

Yes

They readily penetrate the blood brain barrier and placental barriers

68
Q

Ionized form of a drug is______

A

Water soluble

69
Q

What are the 3 steps to determining the ionization/nonionization of a drug?

A
  1. Is the drug a weak acid or a weak base?
  2. What is the pKa of the drug?
  3. What is the pH of the target solution is placed in? (Usually the body which is 7.4)

Acid + acid = increased nonionized
Base + base = increased nonionized
Acid + base = decreased nonionized
Base + acid = decreased nonionized

70
Q

What is a solution?

A

Homogenous mixture tats consists of one or more solutes

Solvent: present in larger amount
Solute: present in smaller amount

71
Q

Molality and molarity

A

Deals with units of concentration

Molality is more useful when dealing with physical chemistry

72
Q

Solubility

A

The amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent

73
Q

What is a saturated solution?

A

Contains the maximal amount of a solute as defined by its solubility

74
Q

What is supersaturated?

A

A solution contains more solute than allowed by the solubility

75
Q

Miscible

A

Two liquids are miscible if they are soluble in each other at all proportions

76
Q

Solubility guidelines

A

Like dissolves like

77
Q

Lattice energy

A

The energy released when molecules or ions settle into crystalline lattice

78
Q

Solvation (hydration) energy

A

The energy released when an ion (or molecules) settles into a sphere of solvent molecules

79
Q

For a gaseous solute, as partial pressure increases, solubility ___________

A

Increases

80
Q

Henry’s Law

A

The amount of a non reaction gas which dissolves in liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas, provided the temperature remains constant

81
Q

For a gas solute, as temperature increases, solubility ____________

A

Decreases

*think of a warm can of pop, turns flat

82
Q

The amount of gas dissolved is inversely or directly proportional to the temperature?

A

Inversely

The colder the liquid, the more gas that will dissolve in the liquid

If pt colder, anesthetic gas is harder to come off

83
Q

Colligative properties include what 4 things?

A
  1. Vapor pressure decreasing
  2. Boiling point elevation
  3. Freezing point depression
  4. Osmotic pressure increase

*colligative property depends only on the number of solute particles, not the identity of solute particles

84
Q

Raoult’s Law

A

Describes vapor pressure of a solution

85
Q

As vapor pressure goes down, boiling point goes______

A

Up

Means boils at a higher temp

Des has a high vapor pressure and boils at almost room temp

86
Q

Why is salt added to the ice when homemade ice cream?

A

It lowers the freezing point

87
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through semipermeable membrane

Solute particles are too big (or too polar) to make it across the membrane

This is how water gets moved around cells

88
Q

Isotonic solutions have _______ concentrations of solute particles

Hypertonic solution has a ________ concentration of solute

Hypotonic solution has a _________ concentration of solute

A

Equal

Greater

Lower

89
Q

Osmotic pressure results from what?

A

The potential drive for the concentration of water to equalize

90
Q

Fun facts about colloids

A
  • they are not true solutions
  • colloidal particles cannot be filtered and do not settle out of solution
  • exhibit the Tyndall effect (light scattering)

Chemistry (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions