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Chemistry > Electricisy And Electrical Safety > Flashcards

Electricisy And Electrical Safety Flashcards

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1
Q

What is electricity?

A

The effects produced by moving charges

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2
Q

What types of charges are there?

A

Positive: contain more protons than electrons

Negative: contain less protons than electrons

*like charges repel, opposite charges attract

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3
Q

Coulomb’s Law

A

Like charges repel, opposite charges attract. The magnitude of the electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion

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4
Q

What is SI unit of charge?

A

The coulomb

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5
Q

What is electrical potential energy?

A

If we put a “test charge” into an electric field and hold it still

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6
Q

What is current?

A

Electrical current is the amount or charge flowing per unit time

And amp (ampere) of current corresponds to 1 coulomb of charge per second

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7
Q

What are conductors?

A

Materials in which charges can easily move

  • to be a good conductors, electrons must be able to move easily from one atom to the next
  • metals are good electrical conductors
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8
Q

What are insulators?

A

Most are non-metals and generally are not good conductors

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9
Q

What is the molecular orbital approach to bonding?

A

Atomic orbitals from individual atoms are added together to form molecular orbitals that extend over the entire moleule

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10
Q

What is resistance?

A

The energy required to push electrons through a material

*measured in ohms

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11
Q

Conductance is the ____________ of resistance

A

Reciprocal

Conductance is measured in mhos

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12
Q

Electric circuit

A

The closed path through which a charge flows

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13
Q

Direct current (DC) circuit

A

An electrical circuit in which the current flows in one direction only

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14
Q

Alternating current (AC) circuit

A

An electrical circuit in which the current reverses its direction in a periodic fashion

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15
Q

Short circuit

A

A situation in a circuit where the normal resistance of the circuit is bypasses by a low resistance path resulting in a large current

*if current from a short circuit is not limited by a fuse or circuit breaker, the resulting heat from the high current can lead to a fire

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16
Q

Series circuits

A

When batteries or resistors are connected in a series, the voltages and resistances are added

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17
Q

Parallel circuits

A

When resistors are connected in parallel, current flows through each resistor independently of the other

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18
Q

Electrical power is the product of what 2 things?

A

Volts and amps

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19
Q

What is the difference between electrical energy and electrical power?

A

Power = energy/time

Energy = power x time

*we pay for electrical energy, not electrical power

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20
Q

What are semiconductors?

A

A moderately good conductor of electricity

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21
Q

P-Type Semiconductor

A

Positive type

The crystalline lattice thinks it’s a few electrons short or has “positive holes”

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22
Q

N-Type semiconductor

A

Negative

The crystalline lattice thinks it has extra electrons

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23
Q

What types of diodes are there?

A

Forward bias: when current passes through, electrons move towards eachother

Reverse bias: when current passes through, electrons move away from eachother. Provides a high level of resistance

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24
Q

What are diodes?

A

2 semi-conductors put together (N and P).

Used to control current direction

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25
Q

What are triodes?

A

Transistors

-another way of manipulating the current to get it to do what you want it to do

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26
Q

What is spectroscopy?

A

The branch of science concerned with the investigation and measurement of spectra produced when matter interacts with or emits electromagnetic radiation

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27
Q

How are electrical shocks possible?

A

If you come in contact with an external source of electricity

Also possible from stray capacitance and inductance

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28
Q

Macroshock

A

Large amounts of current conducted through a pts skin or other tissues.

The extent of injury will depend on the amount of current and duration of exposure

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29
Q

Micoshock

A

The delivery of small amounts of current directly to the heart

Very small currents (=50 micro amps) can produce v-fib

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30
Q

What is the threshold of human perception of a shock?

A

1 milliamp

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31
Q

What does a ground wire on a piece of equipment do?

A

Provides a low-resist case pathway for leakage current and constitutes the major source of protection against microshock in the electrically susceptible pt

*never simultaneously tough an electrical device and saline-filled CVP catheter or external pacing wires. * wear rubber gloves

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32
Q

Pt monitors are designed to electrically ___________ all direction pt connections from the power supply of the monitor.

A

Isolate

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33
Q

Polarized plugs

A

New electrical devices have plugs with one narrow prong an done wide prong.

Ensures that the plug may be only inserted into the outlet in one orientation

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34
Q

Three-pronged grounded plug

A

Some electrical devices have a rounded third prong that is connected to the ground when plugged into a three-pronged receptacle.

If for some reason a high-potential wire comes in contact with the case, the current will flow directly through the third prong instead of through your body

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35
Q

Ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)

A

Used in circuits near water sources.

Immediately disrupts the flow of current in the circuit if a change in current is detected

*disadvantage of using in OR is that it interrupts power without warning.

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36
Q

Modern electrical circuits are typically _____________

A

Grounded

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37
Q

To further decrease the risk of electrical shock in ORs, electrical systems are ___________ from the grounded electrical supply through the use of __________ _____________

A

Isolated

Isolation transformers

38
Q

Isolation transformers

A

Rely on magnetic inductance to transfer a current from the grounded electrical system to an ungrounded secondary system without the two systems physically contracting each other

Lessens the risk of shock

39
Q

____________ systems i the OR prevent accidental shocks resulting from simply touching a single live wire

A

Ungrounded

40
Q

If live wires make contact with tea ground, the ungrounded system now becomes a ground system. Thus we say a ______ has occurred resulting in a grounded system

A

Fault

41
Q

Line isolation monitor

A

A device that alarms when a fault in an ungrounded system occurs

Located between live wires and a ground to that the impedance to current flow can be measured

If contact is made between a live wire and a ground, current will flow, resulting in an alarm

42
Q

The alarm set point for a line isolation monitor is usually__________

A

Between 2 and 5 mA

43
Q

How do you determine if there is a true fault when the line isolation monitor alarms?

A
  • If the gauge reads between 2-5 mA, there is probably too much electrical equipment plugged into the circuit
  • If the gauge reads > 5 mA, it is like that a faulty piece of equipment is present in the OR
  • Equipment may be identified by unplugging each piece of equipment until the alarm is silenced
  • If the faulty piece of equipment is not essential, it should be removed from the OR
44
Q

T/F: the line isolation monitor is not designed to proved protection from microshock.

A

True

45
Q

This organization sets fire standards from health care facilities

A

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

46
Q

What 2 factors determined the need to install isolated power in the OR?

A

Is the OR a wet location? (Presence of blood, fluid, saline solutions)

If so, is an interruptible power supply acceptable?

47
Q

All health care facilities are required to have what if the even of a power outage?

A

Emergency power: electrical generators, battery operated light sources including laryngoscopes, etc

48
Q

The main objective of electrical safety

A

Make it difficult for electrical current to pass through people

49
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

Most chemical reactions are reversible

Reactants combine to give products

Products can fall apart to give reactants

50
Q

Le Chatelier’s Principle

A

When a system in a state of dynamic equilibrium is disturbed, it will enact to re-establish the equilibrium condition

51
Q

When is a system in a state of equilibrium?

A

When there is a balance between reactants and products

Equilibrium constant: K. Provides a numerical description of that balance

52
Q

As K increases, the reaction tends to increasingly favor_________

A

Products

53
Q

As K decreases, the reaction tends to increasingly favor________

A

Starting materials

54
Q 
What are these?
Keq
Ka
kb
Ksp

(All subscripts of K)

A

Keq: generic equilibrium constant
Ka: weak acids
Kb: weak bases
Ksp: solubility

55
Q

Why do concentrations of solids or liquids do not appear in the equilibrium constant expression?

A

Because concentrations of pure solid or liquid, and liquid solvent are nearly constant. These constant values are included with the equilibrium constant

56
Q

If you ADD products, the equilibrium will shift towards________

If you REMOVE products, the equilibrium will shift towards _______

A

Reactants

Products

57
Q

Changing volumes only impacts equilibrium reactions when at least one of the reactants or products is a ___________

A

Gas

*solids and liquids are not compressible

58
Q

What is the most generally used definition of an acid?

A

Bronstead definition

  • an acid is a proton donor
  • a base is a proton acceptor
59
Q

What are conjugate acid-base pairs?

A

When an acid donates a proton, it’s converted into its conjugate base

When a base accepts a proton, it’s converted into its conjugate acid

60
Q

Amphoteric species

A

Can behave as either an acid or a base

H20 is an example

H + H2O = H3O+ -> becomes a base

H2O = H +OH+ -> becomes an acid

61
Q

The stronger the acid, the _________ the conjugate base

A

Weaker

And vise versa

62
Q

Stronger acids/bases are more or less determined to give/take a proton

A

More

63
Q

Strong bases are:

A

Soluble ionic hydroxides

64
Q

The pH scale is based on what?

A

Self-ionization of water

65
Q

What is a pH buffer?

A

A solution that resists changes in pH

May contain a weak acid and its conjugate base

66
Q

When concentrations of a weak acid and its conjugate base are equal, the pH is equal to ________

A

-pKa

67
Q

Are nonionized drugs lipid soluble>

A

Yes

They readily penetrate the blood brain barrier and placental barriers

68
Q

Ionized form of a drug is______

A

Water soluble

69
Q

What are the 3 steps to determining the ionization/nonionization of a drug?

A
  1. Is the drug a weak acid or a weak base?
  2. What is the pKa of the drug?
  3. What is the pH of the target solution is placed in? (Usually the body which is 7.4)

Acid + acid = increased nonionized
Base + base = increased nonionized
Acid + base = decreased nonionized
Base + acid = decreased nonionized

70
Q

What is a solution?

A

Homogenous mixture tats consists of one or more solutes

Solvent: present in larger amount
Solute: present in smaller amount

71
Q

Molality and molarity

A

Deals with units of concentration

Molality is more useful when dealing with physical chemistry

72
Q

Solubility

A

The amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent

73
Q

What is a saturated solution?

A

Contains the maximal amount of a solute as defined by its solubility

74
Q

What is supersaturated?

A

A solution contains more solute than allowed by the solubility

75
Q

Miscible

A

Two liquids are miscible if they are soluble in each other at all proportions

76
Q

Solubility guidelines

A

Like dissolves like

77
Q

Lattice energy

A

The energy released when molecules or ions settle into crystalline lattice

78
Q

Solvation (hydration) energy

A

The energy released when an ion (or molecules) settles into a sphere of solvent molecules

79
Q

For a gaseous solute, as partial pressure increases, solubility ___________

A

Increases

80
Q

Henry’s Law

A

The amount of a non reaction gas which dissolves in liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas, provided the temperature remains constant

81
Q

For a gas solute, as temperature increases, solubility ____________

A

Decreases

*think of a warm can of pop, turns flat

82
Q

The amount of gas dissolved is inversely or directly proportional to the temperature?

A

Inversely

The colder the liquid, the more gas that will dissolve in the liquid

If pt colder, anesthetic gas is harder to come off

83
Q

Colligative properties include what 4 things?

A
  1. Vapor pressure decreasing
  2. Boiling point elevation
  3. Freezing point depression
  4. Osmotic pressure increase

*colligative property depends only on the number of solute particles, not the identity of solute particles

84
Q

Raoult’s Law

A

Describes vapor pressure of a solution

85
Q

As vapor pressure goes down, boiling point goes______

A

Up

Means boils at a higher temp

Des has a high vapor pressure and boils at almost room temp

86
Q

Why is salt added to the ice when homemade ice cream?

A

It lowers the freezing point

87
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through semipermeable membrane

Solute particles are too big (or too polar) to make it across the membrane

This is how water gets moved around cells

88
Q

Isotonic solutions have _______ concentrations of solute particles

Hypertonic solution has a ________ concentration of solute

Hypotonic solution has a _________ concentration of solute

A

Equal

Greater

Lower

89
Q

Osmotic pressure results from what?

A

The potential drive for the concentration of water to equalize

90
Q

Fun facts about colloids

A
  • they are not true solutions
  • colloidal particles cannot be filtered and do not settle out of solution
  • exhibit the Tyndall effect (light scattering)

Chemistry (7 decks)

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