Chemistry Review Week 5 Flashcards
What is chemistry?
The study of matter and it’s changes
What is matter?
Anything that has mass and occupies space
What are atoms
Building block of matter
Comprised of protons neutrons and electrons
What are protons
They have a positive charge
The atomic number (Z) number of protons, determines identity of the atom
-mass = 1 atomic mass unit (amu)
-number of proton will match the number of electrons
What are neurons
They have a neutral charge
Mass = 1 amu
What are electrons
They have a negative charge
- mass is irrelevant
- Number of electrons will match the number of protons
What are ions
- atoms/groups of atoms bonded together with a net charge
- cations: positive
- anions: negative
What are elements
Only one type of atom
What are compounds
More than one kind of atom in a fixed ratio by mass
What are molecules
Groups of atoms chemically bonded together in a discrete unit by covalent bonds
-neutral charge
What are ionic compounds
Contain both positive and negatively charged ions with no identifiable units
-attached by charge and are not molecules
Can a substance be both a molecule and an element
Yes
Oxygen is an example
What is a physical change
No change in chemical make up
Example: Melting ice
What is a chemical change
Always makes a chemically different substance
Example: 2H2O——->2H2 = O2
What is a physical property
Maybe observed or measured without changing the chemical make up
- intensive: integral to the material, regardless of amount (ex: color)
- extensive: depends on sample size (ex: volume)
What is a chemical property
Describes the type of chemical changes the material tends to undergo
Ex: flammable
What are substances
Pure materials that can’t be physically separated into similar components
- throughout all samples the chemical and physical properties are uniform
- compound or element
What are mixtures
Two or more pure substances
- physical processes can separate the mixture into simpler substances
- homogenous: uniform in physical and chemical properties throughout the whole sample (ex: normal saline)
- heterogeneous: distinct phases boundaries where chemical and/or physical properties change (ex: emesis)
Describe the atomic structure
- protons and neutrons on the nucleus
- electrons surround the nucleus in cloud-like orbitals
- have wave-like properties rather than geometric properties
What determines an atoms identity?
Atomic number (Z)
- the number of protons determines identify
Ex: carbon Z = 6
What is mass number (A)?
Mass number (A) = Z + N -mass number can never be smaller than the atomic number
Z: atomic number
N: neutron number
-the mass number can never be smaller than the atomic number
How is atomic mass measured?
- atomic mass unit (amu)
- protons and neutrons - 1amu
What are isotopes?
Same atomic number, different mass number (different number of neutrons, same protons)
What is Dalton’s Atomic Theory?
- Elements are composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms, all atoms of a given element are identical and unique to the element
- Compounds are formed by bonding atoms together in a fixed ratio
- Chemical reactions do not create, destroy, or change atoms into atoms of other elements. Chemical reactions cause atoms to recombine into new substances
What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?
- No detectable change in total mass occurs during a chemical reaction
- the components are neither created, nor destroyed. They recombine.
What is the Law of Definite Proportions?
-different samples of a pure compound always contain the same elements in the same proportion by mass
Ex: water = 11.2% hydrogen and 88.8% oxygen by mass
What is the law of multiple proportions
-some elements can combine to give more than one compound.
Ex: carbon burned in O2 produces both CO2 and CO
What are the flaws in Dalton’s theories?
- not all atoms of an element are identical isotopes
- atoms are comprised of even smaller particles and nuclear processes convert atoms of one element into atoms of another element
What is periodic law?
Properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers
Describe the periodic table
-chemical and physical properties repeat in a regular pattern
-in order of increasing atomic number
-vertical: groups/families
-similar chemical and physical properties
-rows: periods
-adding electrons to energy levels, electron shells
-the element at the end of the row has the outer shell full of electrons
Which means that they are stable
What determines if an element accepts or releases electrons?
- elements with a nearly full electrons shell accept electrons, anions
- elements with nearly empty electron shells readily release elections, cations
What are atomic weights?
-the weight of the periodic table is average of all isotopes
What are the periodic table classifications?
- representative elements: In the high rises on the left and right
- transition elements: Connector between the representative elements
- inner transition elements: those at the bottom of the table
- most elements are metals and are on the left side of the table.
- non-metals are on the right side of the table
- metalloids: along the ladder
What are characteristics of metals?
- shiny luster
- ductile (can draw out into thin wire)
- malleable
- good conductors of heat and electricity
- react to form cations by giving away electrons
What are characteristics of non-metals?
- liquids, solids, or gases
- solids tend to be brittle
- do not conduct
- tend to form anions
What are characteristics of metalloids?
- intermediates
- shiny luster
- less malleable and ductile than metals
- conduct electricity but not well —>semiconductors
-silicone is an example
What state are more elements in on the periodic stable?
Most are solids
What are the 2 liquids on the periodic table?
Mercury and bromium
What element will melt in your hand?
Gallium
What elements are gases?
Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine and all Noble Gases are gases
What are electrolytes?
A substance that dissolves in water to give a solution conductivity.
- most molecular compounds are non-electrolytes
- dissolution happens by water interacts very effectively with ions
- water itself is non-electrolytes
Aluminum (Al)
- found it antiperspirants and antacids
- does not occur naturally, must be synthesized
- avoid in dialysis pts bc it will build up in their system and cause neurological problems
Barium (Ba)
- used in radio graphic GI studies will use barium sulfate oral solution or enemas
- toxic, but pts will excrete the material fairly easily
- does not absorb in GI tract
Calcium (Ca)
- found in antacids, phosphate binders
- doesn’t occur naturally in nature in the elemental form
- essential for muscle contraction, bone stability
- will cause constipation
- bill bind to phosphorous
- if albumin is low, Ca will look falsely low
Carbon (C)
- activated charcoal: used in overdoses
- in most compounds, highly versatile
- graphite and diamond occur naturally
- has 4 binding sites
Chlorine (Cl)
- Clorox, other cleaners
- disinfectant
- toxic green gas
Chromium (Cr)
-found in stainless steel
Copper (Cu)?
- great conductor
- reddish metal
Fluorine (F)
- neurotoxin. Believe it may be adding to autism and ADD/ADHD
- sodium fluoride strengthens teeth
Helium (He)
- colorless, inert gas
- MRI coolant
Hydrogen (H)
-most common atom in the universe
(>95% of all known matter)
-colorless, flammable gas
-it easy to add onto stable an element
Iodine (I)
- found in topical antiseptics and anti thyroid medications
- purplish/black solid
Iron (Fe)
- found in each hemoglobin molecule to transport oxygen through the blood
- metal
PPIs reduce the absorption of iron, calcium, and other minerals
Lithium (Li)
- used as a mood stabilizer for bipolar pts
- silvery, highly reactive metal
Magnesium (Mg)
- important for cardiac conduction and potassium levels
- must correct Mg level before you replace k)
- laxative
- tocolytic therapy: means used to help delay pre-term delivery
- silvery white metal
Nitrogen (Ni)
- 80% of air
- found in anesthetic gas as nitrous oxide (N2O)
- odorless, colorless gas
Oxygen (O)
- strong tendency to accept electrons
- important in ATP synthesis
- odorless, colorless, reactive gas
Phosphorus (P)
- found in RNA and DNA and in ATP
- low phos may cause brittle bone and respiratory failure
- supplemented in salt forms with sodium or potassium
***refeeding syndrome: start feeding slow so that body doesn’t pull in excess minerals/electrolytes (potentially fatal shift of fluid and electrolytes)
Potassium (K)
- important for muscle contraction
- effected by ACE inhibitors, loop diuretics
- inverse relationship with insulin
- silvery white metal, highly reactive
Sodium (Na)
- CNS stability, water balance
- muscle contractions
- can not change sodium levels rapidly bc water will shift too quickly and alter brain mass and cause permanent damage+ sz
- sodium and water follow each other
Titanium (Ti)
- found in prosthetic implants
- lightweight, low toxicity, high strength
- grayish metal
Zinc (Zn)
- calamine lotion, sunblock, wound healing, cold symptom relief
- bluish silver metal
What are molecular compounds?
Only composed of nonmetals (right side of the periodic table)
-easier to name
What are ionic compounds?
-almost always comprised of a metal and nonmetal
What are ionic compounds sometimes referred to as?
Salts
-reactions of an acid with a base
Monatomic cations of representative metals
- almost always form cations with the charge group = group number
- group number = # of elections in the outermost shell
- losing elections lead to a configuration identical to the closest Nobel gas
- ionic charges >+3 are not observed and and impossible to maintain
- group 1A = +1, Group 2A = +2, Aluminum = +3
