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Chemistry > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What is mass?

A

The amount of matter in an object

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2
Q

What is weight?

A

The attractive force of Earth’s gravity.

Gravitational force exerted on an object

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3
Q

What is velocity?

A

It’s a vector value.
Displacement or change in position.
It can be zero if return to starting point.

Velocity = displacement/time

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4
Q

What is speed?

A

It’s a scaler value.
Involves distance or total length of travel.
It’s always positive

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5
Q

What are scaler quanties?

A

Magnitude only
Additive
Examples are distance height weight and age

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6
Q

What are vector quantities?

A

Measure magnitude and direction

Can be additive

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7
Q

What is acceleration?

A

It’s a vector
Describes how velocity changes with time
It’s measured in m/s squared
How velocity (m/s) changes with each second

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8
Q

What is force?

A

It’s a push or pull
Newton’s second law
F=ma
Increased force equals increased acceleration

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9
Q

What is gravity?

A

The universal attraction between an object by a larger object.
G=9.8 m/s2

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10
Q

What is pressure?

A

Force per unit area.
P= force/area

  • increases: either increase applied force or decrease area force is applied.
  • decreases:Either decrease applied force or increase area force is applied

Example: popping a balloon with either your finger or a pin
**syringe: 1cm vs 2cm Doubling the diameter decreases pressure by factor of four

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11
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

The weight of air above us. 5.79 quadrillion tons
-1 atmosphere = 760mmHg = 14psi

AKA: Barometric pressure

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12
Q

What is a barometer?

A

It measures atmospheric pressure.

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13
Q

What is a manometer.

A

An instrument for measuring the pressure acting on a column of fluid, especially one with the U-shaped tube of liquid in which a difference in the pressure acting in the two arms of the two causes the liquid to reach different heights in the 2 arms

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14
Q

What is an aneroid bellow gauge?

A

Do not require the presence of liquid.

Relies on the expansion or contraction of Bellows as the pressure changes.

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15
Q

What is a bourdon gauge?

A

Used with gas cylinders
Have a coiled tube coupled to a pointer.
Used to measure the pressure difference between the pressure exerted by the gas in a cylinder in the atmospheric pressure.

  • effected by changes in atmospheric pressure
  • total pressure = tank + atm
  • The pressure inside an empty cylinder is equal to the atmospheric pressure
  • In mountains there is less atmospheric pressure
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16
Q

What is work?

A

Work= force x displacement

  • zero force equals zero work
  • Zero displacement equals zero work
  • Measured in joules
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17
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy in motion

The energy and mass has by virtue of being in motion

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18
Q

How does gas relate to work?

A

Gases that move equal work

  • Breathing is work.
  • The amount of work done by a gas is path dependent
  • if there was no change in volume there was no work
  • work = pressure x change in volume
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19
Q

What is energy?

A

The capacity to do work.

Measured in joules

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20
Q

What is a calorie?

A

The amount of energy to increase 1gm of water 1 degree C

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21
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Energy with is stored by virtue of its position

-airplane, battery, food

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22
Q

What is internal energy?

A

Source of kinetic energy plus potential energy of a system stored (molecular level)

-example: gas in a cylinder-moving molecules. Inside and compressed volume if released

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23
Q

What are thermodynamics?

A

The study of energy and how it’s interconverted

Temp A=B, B=C, A=C

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24
Q

What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Change in internal energy of a system is = to the sum of the heat process that cause energy to flow in and out of a system and work done.

energy can neither be created nor destroyed

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25
Q

What does endothermic mean?

A

Energy flows into system

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26
Q

What does exothermic mean?

A

Energy flows out of a system

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27
Q

What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Heat flows from hot to cold when 2 bodies brought in thermal contact.

28
Q

What is the 3rd Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Can’t lower a temp of an object to absolute zero.

29
Q

What is heat vs temperature?

A

Heat is energy transferred as a result of different temps between objects. Temp is an arbitrary ranking of “hotness” or “coldness”

Example: heat house, use energy to increase temp.

30
Q

What is specific heat?

A

The heat required to raise the temperature of 1gm of a substance by one degree C

  • insulators: have a high specific heat
  • conductors: have a low specific heat
31
Q

What is heat capacity?

A

The ratio between the amount of heat added or removed from an object to change temp.

32
Q

What is power?

A

The rate of doing work or the rate of energy expenditure

  • measured in watts (watt = joules/second)
  • P = F x V (average power = force involved and speed)
33
Q

What causes a fluid to flow?

A

Gravity and pressure differences

34
Q

What states of matter assume the shape of their contianer?

A

Liquids and gases

35
Q

How do you determine an object’s density?

A

Mass divided by volume

36
Q

What is specific gravity?

A

The relationship between an objects density and the density of water

37
Q

What is Pascal’s Principle?

A

Confined fluids at at given pressure——> increase pressure——> applied change to every point in fluid

arterial line

38
Q

What are hydrometers?

A

Uses to measure the density of a fluid.

Increased density = increased float level

39
Q

What are hydrodynamics?

A

The study of fluids in motion

-2 useful properties are density and pressure

40
Q

What is laminar flow?

A
  • Smooth and orderly, unchanging pattern.
  • Adjacent lawyers flow over.
  • slow at edge, fast in the middle.
41
Q

What is turbulent flow?

A
  • not smooth
  • continuously varying pattern of flow
  • chaotic and changing
42
Q

What is flow rate?

A

Volume passing a particular point /unit of time (L/min)

*smaller diameter: flow faster to keep same volume moving - flow faster via a smaller tube

43
Q

What is Bernoulli’s Equation?

A
  • As speed of a fluid goes up, pressure exerted by the fluid goes down.
  • depends on speed and density of fluid.

**example: Venturi flowmeter. Used to measure fluid speed in pipes
V2>V1=P2

44
Q

What is viscosity?

A
  • A measure of a fluids resistance to flow
  • increase viscosity = decrease flow
  • decrease viscosity = increase flow
45
Q

What is flow of liquid dependent on?

A

The pressure difference over the length of pipe
-to maintain flow, difference in pressure is proportional to pipe length, average speed of fluid, and inversely proportional to cross-sectional area

46
Q

What is Poisueilles Equation?

A
  • increase radius on the tube can increase flow
  • short needle will increase flow
  • increase IV height = increase pressure difference = increase flow
  • increase viscosity will decrease flow

Flow rate=V/T

  • flow is directly proportional to 4th power of radius
  • double radius = increase flow 16x
  • triple radius = increase flow 81x
  • increase pressure differences = increased flow
  • length of tube increased = decreased flow
  • increase viscosity = decreased flow
  • change of radius has most dramatic effect on flow

*for laminar flow only

47
Q

What are some factors that cause flow to be turbulent?

A
  • velocity increases
  • tube wall rough
  • kinks/bends >25 degrees
  • flows through orifice
  • density determines flow

*resistance to flow increases as flow becomes turbulent

48
Q

What is Reynold’s Number?

A
  • predicts turbulent flow
  • 1500 - 2000 flow changes from laminar to turbulent
  • directly proportional to velocity, density, and diameter
  • inversely proportional to viscosity
49
Q

Describe properties of gases

A
  • have neither shape nor volume
  • expands to fill space available
  • no intermolecular forces between gas particles
50
Q

What states of matter have the ability to flow?

A

Gases and liquids

51
Q

What are intermolecular forces?

A

Determine how molecules interact with each other——> determined by chemical bonds and holds atoms into molecules

  • determine microscopic properties
  • all molecules, atoms, ions have inherent attraction as long as they don’t get too close
52
Q

What is the electrostatic octet rule?

A

Every atoms tends to add/remove or share electors to end up with 8 valance electrons

Metals: release electrons easily: conductors/cations
Non-metals: attract anions

53
Q

Solubility rule

A

*like dissolves like

Ex: Polar compounds dissolve more easily in other polar compounds
Ex: non-polar - oxygen poorly soluble in blood/water
-most organic compounds are hydrogen + carbon = hydrocarbons = non-polar
-a majority of organic compounds are not very soluble in water

54
Q

What are polar compounds?

A

2 atoms of different electronegativity are bound together.

The bond is polar.
Water is polar
-polar molecules stick together and prevent non polar species from entering cell wall

55
Q

What is surface tension?

A
  • intermolecular forces
  • in liquid state are attracted to neighbors by intermolecular forces
  • H2O has a high surface tension = increase cohesion liquid - increase tendency of lungs to collapse in premature infants
56
Q

What is LaPlace’s Law?

A

Explains why the surface tension on a blood vessel wall depends on the radius of the vessel

  • wall tension is proportional to the radius of the vessel
  • ex: if pressure same, larger vessel has greater wall tension than smaller
  • aneurysms: spherical - changes Equation to R/2 so attempt to decrease wall tension
57
Q

What is surfactant?

A

Surface acting agent reduces surface tension

-has polar (hydrophilic) and non-polar (hydrophobic) ends - attracts and pulls away

58
Q

What is viscosity?

A

A measure of a fluids resistance to flow

-increase molecular forces

59
Q

What is vapor pressure?

A

The pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid or solid state.

  • increases with temperature increase: indications of liquid’s evaporation rate
  • increased temp = increased vapor pressure of liquid with increase volatility = tendencies of liquid to evaporate
60
Q

What is heat of vaporization?

A

The amount of energy to liberate 1 mole of liquid at its boiling point into a gas phase

61
Q

What is boiling point?

A

Temperature at which vapor pressure is = ambient pressure
-depends on pressure. Increase ambient pressure = increase boiling point = pressure cooker

-bubbles deep in liquid = increase pressure secondary to increase temp

62
Q

What is heat?

A

Increase kinetic energy, increase energy to overcome intermolecular forces.

Vaporization occurs as the molecules escape from liquid state into gas state

63
Q

What is melting point?

A

Solid reversibly passes into liquid state. Opposite of freezing point.

-ionic bonds = strong = increase melting point—usually solid at room temperature

64
Q

What is evaporation?

A

Has cooling effect.

-vaporization is endothermic (heat added) caused decrease temp - absorb heat from surrounding

65
Q

What is condensation?

A

Releases energy

-heating effect—-> steam releases heat to convert back to liquids = steam burns - cooling of skin temp

Chemistry (7 decks)

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