Week 1-2 Flashcards
5 Types of Plants
Angiosperms, Other seed-bearing plants, Ferns, Lycophytes, Non-vascular lands plants
Are algae plants?
No
When to repot?
Growth has slowed, plant tips over easily, plant dries out quickly, many roots coming out the bottom
Monstera
Fenestrated leaves, semi-climbers
Pothos
Climbers, easy to propagate, many varieties, shade, hanging plants
Ficus
Fiddle leaf fig, grow very large
Snake Plant
Very easy to grow
Spider Plant
Easy to propagate
ZZ Plant
Eternity plant
Air Plant
Reduced roots, water by soaking, dry upside down
African Violet
Easy to propagate, single leaf cutting
Orchid
Epiphytes
Succulents
High light, low water, sandy, well-drained soil
Carnivorous Plants
Native to nutrient poor bogs, need additional light
Protoplasm
Mass of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and water, includes organelles but not the cell wall
Cytoplasm
Includes organelles except the nucleus and vacuole
Cytosol
just the fluid
Plant Cell Wall
Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins
Microfibrils
Bound together by hemicellulsoes, rod shaped
Middle Lamella
Composed of pectins, connects cell walls like mortar
Plasmodesmata
Small channels that connect adjacent cells, plasma membrane passes through them and creates a contiguous membrane from cell to cell, small stream of the cytosol and a section of the ER also pass through
Primary Pit Fields
Clusters of plasmodesmata
Symplast
Plasmodesmata connect protoplasts
Apoplast
All intercellular space and cell walls together
Central Vacuole
Storage, recycling, waste, critical for cell enlargement
Dictyosomes
Protein modification, stacks of thin vesicles held together in an array that processes materials to be secreted, mucilage secreting cells
General Cell Types
Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
Parenchyma “poured in beside”
Thin primary walls, alive at maturity, inexpensive, metabolically active, store water, structural support
Specific Parenchyma
Chlorenchyma, Glandular cells, transfer cells, sieve elements
Chlorenchyma “green tissue”
photosynthetic, thin walls, maximize light and CO2 absorption
Glandular Cells
secrete nectar, fragrances, mucilage, resins, oils
Transfer Cells
short-distance transport, large plasma membrane with molecular pumps
Sieve elements
Long-distance sugar transport, cell walls have numerous small holes that resemble a sieve, nuclei degrades, associated with albuminous cells, companion cells
Collenchyma “glue tissue”
Thick-sticky appearance of cell walls, primary wall that is thin in some areas and thickened in others, plasticity and flexible, least common, beneath the epidermis, supporting vascular bundles
Sclerenchyma “hard tissue”
Thick secondary wall, elastic walls, support, dead at maturity, conductive/mechanical
Conductive
Treachery elements (vessel elements and tracheas)
Tracheids
typically shorter and narrower than vessels, water only passes through small pits between tracheids
Vessel Elements
form stacks celled vessels, walls between connecting vessel elements gets dissolved, facilitating easier water movement between vessel elements
Mechanical
fibers and sclereids
Fibers
long and flexible, wood, primary growth vascular bundles
Sclerieds
short, isodiametric, inflexible, brittle, seed protection
Pith
Soft central parenchyma
Vascular Bundles
Xylem + Phloem
Epidermis
Outermost surface of an herbaceous stem, single layer of parenchyma cells, all interchange of material between a plant and its environment, protection, prevents water loss
Cuticle
waterproof outer coating, dry conditions
Stomata
gas exchange, water loss
Guard Cells
pair of cells that border the stomatal pore, sweet by absorbing water, pore between them opens, permitting entry of CO2, dehydrated = closed
Stomatal pore
hole between the guard cells through which gases can pass
Trichomes
Epidermal cells elongated outward, protective, deter, minimize water loss, secretory glands
Cortex
closer to the surface, surrounding the vascular bundles
Monocots
Vascular bundles scattered, no clear distinction between cortex and pith, 1 cotyledon, fibrous root system, parallel leaf veins
Aerenchyma
Loosely packed with large intercellular air spaces, underwater roots
Xylem
conducts water and minerals, dead treachery elements
Phloem
distributes sugars and minerals, sieve elements alive
Types of Secondary Cell Walls (tracheary)
Annular, helical, scalariform, reticulate, pitted
Circular bordered pits
cell builds a secondary wall inside the primary wall, pits are weak points in the wall
Pit Membranes
How water moves between tracheids
Dicots
2 cotyledons, taproot system, vascular bundles in a circle, branching leaf veins
Shoot
stem with included leaves, leaves attached by nodes, internodes are regions between nodes
Phyllotaxy
arrangement of leaves on the stem
Alternate phyllotaxy
one leaf is attached at each node
Opposite phyllotaxy
two leaves attached at each node
Whorled phyllotaxy
three or more leaves attached at each node
