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Botany > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Apical Meristem

A

a region of rapidly dividing cells at the tip of the plant’s roots and shoots, primary growth, undifferentiated cells, apical = tip

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2
Q

Subapical Meristem

A

beneath the apical meristem, some dividing and differentiation, stem histogenesis,

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3
Q

Protoxylem

A

the first xylem to differentiate

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4
Q

Vascular Cambium

A

tissue responsible for secondary growth, increasing diameter of root system, produces both 2’ xylem and 2’ phloem

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5
Q

Secondary Growth

A

only found in angiosperm dicots/gymnosperms

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6
Q

Cork Cambium

A

Produces cork and phelloderm cells, which form the protective outer layers of tree bark, protection/temperature regulation/water loss

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7
Q

Transverse

A

perpendicular to the horizontal, image produces circular vessels/fibers/trachieds/ray parenchyma

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8
Q

Radial

A

cut along the radius, produces long tracheids/vessels/fibers and circular ray parenchyma

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9
Q

Tangential

A

tangent to the radius, produces long tracheids/fibers but circular ray parenchyma

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10
Q

Order of Wood Layers

A

Pith -> 1’ xylem (heartwood) -> 2’ xylem (heartwood) -> 2’ xylem (sapwood) -> vascular cambium -> 2’ phloem -> cork cambium -> cork

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11
Q

Heartwood

A

not conducting water

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12
Q

Sapwood

A

conducting water

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13
Q

Radial System

A

ray parenchyma, moves sugar and water along the radius

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14
Q

Axial System

A

vertical system, treachery elements, fibers, parenchyma

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15
Q

Ring Porous

A

vessels in the early wood (spring) are larger than latewood (summer), distinct ring appearance

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16
Q

Diffuse Porous

A

vessels of similar size distributed evenly throughout the growth ring, no clear distinction

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17
Q

Fascicular Cambium

A

Cambium tissue located within a vascular bundle, between xylem and phloem

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18
Q

Interfascicular Cambium

A

cambium tissue found between separate vascular bundles

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19
Q

Fusiform Initials

A

long, tapered cells, develop the axial system, produce elongate cells (tracheids, vessels, fibers, sieve cells, companion cells), divide longitudinally, up/down

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20
Q

Ray Initials

A

short cuboidal cells, radial system, including albuminous cells, grouped in short vertical rows

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21
Q

Phelllem

A

outside cells = cork

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22
Q

Phelloderm

A

cortex, inside layer of parenchyma

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23
Q

Phellogen

A

cork cambium, short-lived

24
Q

Epidermis

A

outermost surface, single layer of PARENCHYMA cells only, interchange of materials, protection/water loss (chlorenchyma, stomatal guard cells, sclerified parenchyma, trichome, glandular cells)

25
Q

Parenchyma Specific Cell Types

A

chlorenchyma, stomatal guard cells, sclerified parenchyma, trichomes, glandular cells, transfer cells, sieve elements

26
Q

Sclerenchyma Specific Cell Types

A

Tracheids, vessel elements, fibers, sclereids

27
Q

Cortex

A

closer to the surface, surrounding the vascular bundles

28
Q

Pith

A

in the center, interior to vascular bundles

29
Q

Cortex & Pith

A

Parenchyma (chlorenchyma/schlerified/aerenchyma), collenchyma, sclerenchyma (fibers/sclereids)

30
Q

Xylem Cells

A

Parenchyma (sclerified/trasnfer), sclerenchyma (tracheids/vessel/fibers)

31
Q

Phloem Cells

A

Parenchyma (sclerified, transfer, sieve, albuminous, companion), Sclerencyma (fibers)

32
Q

Monocots

A

1 cotyledon, fibrous roots, vascular bundles scattered, parallel leaf veins

33
Q

Dicots

A

2 cotyledons, taproot system, circular vascular bundles, branching leaf veins

34
Q

Shoot

A

stem + leaves

35
Q

Nodes

A

leaf attachment point

36
Q

Internodes

A

regions between nodes

37
Q

Phyllotaxy

A

arrangement of leaves on the stem

38
Q

Alternate Phyllotaxy

A

one leaf is attached at each node

39
Q

Opposite Phyllotaxy

A

two leaves attached at each node

40
Q

Whorled Phyllotaxy

A

three or more leaves attached at each node

41
Q

Distichous Phyllotaxy

A

leaves in two rows when viewed from above

42
Q

Decussate Phyllotaxy

A

leaves in four rows when viewed from above

43
Q

Spiral Phyllotaxy

A

each leaf located slightly to the side of the ones above and below

44
Q

Stolons

A

long, thin internodes allowing dispersal of daughter plants, “runners”, spider plant baby offsets

45
Q

Bulbs

A

short shoots with thick/fleshy leaves, (onions)

46
Q

Chorms

A

vertical, thick stems with thin, papery leaves (water chestnuts)

47
Q

Rhizomes

A

fleshy horizontal stems that allow a plant to spread underground (ginger)

48
Q

Tubers

A

horizontal, grow for a short period of time, storing nutrients (potatoes)

49
Q

Metaxylem

A

produce one of the strongest second wall types, elongate cells will differentiate and mature

50
Q

Bark

A

secondary phloem and cork

51
Q

Pros of 2’ Growth

A

increase capacity to support leaves, supply and demand, stem bottleneck, mechanical support to grow tall

52
Q

Cons of 2’ Growth

A

Longer time to reproduction, need more defenses over longer lifetime, carbon expensive

53
Q

Periderm

A

cork + cork cambium + phelloderm

54
Q

Angiosperm

A

Xylem: Tracheids/Vessel Elements
Phloem: Sieve Tube Members/Companion Cells

55
Q

Other Seed Bearing/Fern/Lycophytes

A

Xylem: Tracheids
Phloem: Sieve Cells/Albuminous

Botany (5 decks)

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