week 1

Question 1

TBI

Answer 1

Traumatic head injury

Question 2

Primary vs Secondary TBI

Answer 2

primary Injury is induced by mechanism Force and occurs at the moment of injury. Secondary injury is not mechanically induced. It may be delayed from the moment of impact in May be superimpose, injury on the brain already affected by a mechanical injury

Question 3

Diffuse axonal injury

Answer 3

Question 4

brain lacerations

Answer 4

involes tearing of the brain tissue

Question 5

brain lacerations

Answer 5

involes tearing of the brain tissue

Question 6

contusion

Answer 6

brusing of neuronal tissues Seen with diagnostic imaging may contain areas of haemorrhage infaraction and edema

Question 7

name all 5 types of skull fractures

Answer 7

1)linear
2) comminuted: bone shatters into multiple pieces
3) depression(dent or cave in )
4) Diastatic ( fracture along the suture lines)
5) Basal( bone at the base of the skull break)

Question 8

what are signs of a basal skull fracture ?

Answer 8

battles sign or raccoons eyes
also bleeding from the nose(rhinorrhoea) or ears( otorrhoea) caused by tear in the meninges
which leads to a high risk of meningitis

Question 9

what is intracranial haematoma and what are the symptoms?

Answer 9

Localised collection of blood flowering, damage to cerebral blood vessels. Symptoms include headaches, altered level and consciousness increased in cranial pressure, brain distorion , death if severe.

Question 10

epidural intracranial haematomas

Answer 10

collection of blood between skull and dura mater:extra-cerebral in location

Question 11

subdural intracranial hematomas

Answer 11

hematoma between the dura and outer arachnoid membraine: extra-cerebral in location

Question 12

subdural intracranial hematomas

Answer 12

hematoma between the dura and outer arachnoid membraine: extra-cerebral in location

Question 13

subarachnoid intracranial haematomas

Answer 13

hemorrhage into subarachnoid space which is normally filled with CSF

Question 14

intracerebral hematoma

Answer 14

collection of blood within the brain itself

Question 15

intraventricular hemorrhage

Answer 15

blood within the ventricles

Question 16

how dose osmotic therapy help manage increased intracranial pressure?

Answer 16

Intravenous solutions that exert an osmotic effect such as mannitol and hypertonic saline solutions have been mainstay of treating to the lower intracranial pressure.

Question 17

whats the difference between ischemic stroke and haemorrhagic stroke?

Answer 17

ischemic is a blockage in the blood flow back to the brain where haemorrhagic is blood vessels raptures

Question 18

whats the difference between ischemic stroke and haemorrhagic stroke?

Answer 18

ischemic is a blockage in the blood flow back to the brain where haemorrhagic is blood vessels raptures

Question 19

whats the difference between thrombotic stroke and embolic stroke ?

Answer 19

thrombotic is when a clot forms at the cerebral vessel usally because the patient has diabetes mellitus and hypertension where embolic is a stoke from a travelling clot usally becuase of abnormal heart conditions such as atrial fibrillation

Question 20

which is more common hemorrhagic stroke or ischemic stroke ?

Answer 20

ischemic stroke 87%
hemorrhagic accounts for about 13%

Question 21

spinal shock

Answer 21

is when tempory loss of spinal reflexes below the injured area. this is because of loss of continuous tonic discharge from the brain function back to the areas usally returns within a few hours or weeks

Question 22

fSpinal neurogenic shock why it’s important to monitor for injury for SCI above T6

Answer 22

C Characterise by Brady cardi and fair dilation, producing profound hypertension in sci life, threatening.

Question 23

autonomic dysreflexia or autonic hypereflexia is the chronic phase complication in SCI at or above t6
what are the common sysmptoms?

Answer 23

severe headache, bradycardia,sweating, goose bumps

Question 24

intracranial space comprised of 3 components within a rigid skull what are they and what perentage do they contain ?

Answer 24

BRAIN TISSUE 80%
BLOOD 10%
CSF 10%

Question 25

What are signs and symptoms of increased ICP early on ?

Answer 25

headache, vomiting, change in alertness, irritability, decreased eye contact, cranial nerve dysfunction, seizures, decrease in GCS

Question 26

What are the signs and symptoms of increased ICP that you experience later on ?

Answer 26

Question 27

what are nursing interventions to reduce ICP

Answer 27

Question 28

WHAT IS A AND WHAT IS B

Answer 28

A- Ischaemic
B- haemorrhagic stroke

Question 29

tetraplegia is the paralysis of all 4 extremities and occures when cervical spine is involed
TRUE OR FALSE

Answer 29

TRUE

Question 30

paraplegia is :
A: paralysis of taste
B: loss of all extremities
C: Paralysis and loss of sensation in legs

Answer 30

C : occurs when the thoracic , lumbar or sacral spinal cord is damaged.

Question 31

if you have injury C3 or above you will have some or no respirtory fuction?

Answer 31

total loss of respiratory function if its C4 OR C5 some respiratory function is possible

Question 32

what are some respiratory interventions for spinal damage

Answer 32

Question 33

what are complications for SCI above T6 CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY
A:trouble breathing
B: Bradycardia and perpheral vasodilation
C:

Question 34

what are complications for SCI above T6 CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY
A:trouble breathing
B: Bradycardia and perpheral vasodilation
C:hypotension
D: hypertension
E:neurogenic shock
F: shivering
G:poikilothermia-inability to regulate own temperature
F: vomiting
H:risk of clots due to immobility
J:autonomic dysreflexia

Answer 34

Question 35

what dose it reperfusion therapy of Tpa do?

Answer 35

it helps to break down a blood clot