week 1 Flashcards
TBI
Traumatic head injury
Primary vs Secondary TBI
primary Injury is induced by mechanism Force and occurs at the moment of injury. Secondary injury is not mechanically induced. It may be delayed from the moment of impact in May be superimpose, injury on the brain already affected by a mechanical injury
Diffuse axonal injury
brain lacerations
involes tearing of the brain tissue
brain lacerations
involes tearing of the brain tissue
contusion
brusing of neuronal tissues Seen with diagnostic imaging may contain areas of haemorrhage infaraction and edema
name all 5 types of skull fractures
1)linear
2) comminuted: bone shatters into multiple pieces
3) depression(dent or cave in )
4) Diastatic ( fracture along the suture lines)
5) Basal( bone at the base of the skull break)
what are signs of a basal skull fracture ?
battles sign or raccoons eyes
also bleeding from the nose(rhinorrhoea) or ears( otorrhoea) caused by tear in the meninges
which leads to a high risk of meningitis
what is intracranial haematoma and what are the symptoms?
Localised collection of blood flowering, damage to cerebral blood vessels. Symptoms include headaches, altered level and consciousness increased in cranial pressure, brain distorion , death if severe.
epidural intracranial haematomas
collection of blood between skull and dura mater:extra-cerebral in location
subdural intracranial hematomas
hematoma between the dura and outer arachnoid membraine: extra-cerebral in location
subdural intracranial hematomas
hematoma between the dura and outer arachnoid membraine: extra-cerebral in location
subarachnoid intracranial haematomas
hemorrhage into subarachnoid space which is normally filled with CSF
intracerebral hematoma
collection of blood within the brain itself
intraventricular hemorrhage
blood within the ventricles
how dose osmotic therapy help manage increased intracranial pressure?
Intravenous solutions that exert an osmotic effect such as mannitol and hypertonic saline solutions have been mainstay of treating to the lower intracranial pressure.
whats the difference between ischemic stroke and haemorrhagic stroke?
ischemic is a blockage in the blood flow back to the brain where haemorrhagic is blood vessels raptures
whats the difference between ischemic stroke and haemorrhagic stroke?
ischemic is a blockage in the blood flow back to the brain where haemorrhagic is blood vessels raptures
whats the difference between thrombotic stroke and embolic stroke ?
thrombotic is when a clot forms at the cerebral vessel usally because the patient has diabetes mellitus and hypertension where embolic is a stoke from a travelling clot usally becuase of abnormal heart conditions such as atrial fibrillation
which is more common hemorrhagic stroke or ischemic stroke ?
ischemic stroke 87%
hemorrhagic accounts for about 13%
spinal shock
is when tempory loss of spinal reflexes below the injured area. this is because of loss of continuous tonic discharge from the brain function back to the areas usally returns within a few hours or weeks
fSpinal neurogenic shock why it’s important to monitor for injury for SCI above T6
C Characterise by Brady cardi and fair dilation, producing profound hypertension in sci life, threatening.
autonomic dysreflexia or autonic hypereflexia is the chronic phase complication in SCI at or above t6
what are the common sysmptoms?
severe headache, bradycardia,sweating, goose bumps
intracranial space comprised of 3 components within a rigid skull what are they and what perentage do they contain ?
BRAIN TISSUE 80%
BLOOD 10%
CSF 10%
What are signs and symptoms of increased ICP early on ?
headache, vomiting, change in alertness, irritability, decreased eye contact, cranial nerve dysfunction, seizures, decrease in GCS
What are the signs and symptoms of increased ICP that you experience later on ?
what are nursing interventions to reduce ICP
WHAT IS A AND WHAT IS B
A- Ischaemic
B- haemorrhagic stroke
tetraplegia is the paralysis of all 4 extremities and occures when cervical spine is involed
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
paraplegia is :
A: paralysis of taste
B: loss of all extremities
C: Paralysis and loss of sensation in legs
C : occurs when the thoracic , lumbar or sacral spinal cord is damaged.
if you have injury C3 or above you will have some or no respirtory fuction?
total loss of respiratory function if its C4 OR C5 some respiratory function is possible
what are some respiratory interventions for spinal damage
what are complications for SCI above T6 CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY
A:trouble breathing
B: Bradycardia and perpheral vasodilation
C:
what are complications for SCI above T6 CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY
A:trouble breathing
B: Bradycardia and perpheral vasodilation
C:hypotension
D: hypertension
E:neurogenic shock
F: shivering
G:poikilothermia-inability to regulate own temperature
F: vomiting
H:risk of clots due to immobility
J:autonomic dysreflexia
what dose it reperfusion therapy of Tpa do?
it helps to break down a blood clot
