Week 1 Flashcards
Polycythemia
A disorder involving the overproduction or red blood cells
Hemochromatosis
A disease characterized by excess iron deposits in the tissues. Also called iron overload.
Certificate of completion
A document indicating recognition that the student has successfully completed a program or course in a specific, typically technical, area
Licensure
The act of granting a license, an official document or permit granted by a state agency that gives legal permission for a person to work in a particular health profession
What’s the difference between certificate of completion and licensure?
Certificate or completion simply says you have completed an education program where as a license is a legal document issuing permission to practice
What are the two major divisions in the clinical laboratory?
Clinical analysis - specimen processing, hematology, chemistry, microbiology, blood bank/immunohematology, immunology/serology and urinalysis
AND
Anatomical and Surgical Pathology- tissue analysis, cytologic examination, surgical biopsy, frozen sections and performance of autopsies
Chemistry
Laboratory department concerned with the detection and measurement of chemical substances in body fluids
Serum
Normally a clear pale-yellow fluid that can be separated from a clotted blood specimen and has the same composition as plasma, except that it does not contain fibrinogen (clotting protein found in plasma)
Plasma
The top layer of clear liquid used for testing; also the fluid portion of the blood in the living body.
Certification is defined as…
Issuance by an official body of a certificate indicating that a person has been evaluated and has met certain requirements
Licensure is defined as…
Legal permission, granted by the state department where the phlebotomist will work
Ethics is defined as…
Ethics is a moral duty to determine the difference between right and wrong action and then to practice the right action.
The Microbiology department performs the following functions:
Analyzes blood, body fluids and tissue for the presence of microorganisms.
Performs antibiotic sensitivity testing, along with culturing (C & S).
Blood cultures testing
The laboratory department that is the largest and highly automated is the….
Chemistry
A Urinalysis (UA) test is a routine test that includes the following evaluations…
Physical, Chemical and Microscopic
The Hematology department performs the following functions…
Performs tests that identify diseases associated with blood and blood-forming tissues
Coagulation department performs the following functions…
Performs PT and PTT to monitor Coumadin (warfarin) and heparin therapy
Performs tests to study the ability of blood to form clots and dissolve clots (hemostasis)
Identifies and discovers defects in the blood-clotting mechanism
What does the abbreviation CLSI stand for and what does it develop?
CLSI stands for Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute; it develops best practices in clinical and laboratory testing
What does the abbreviation CAP stand for and what does it set for phlebotomy?
College of American Pathologists; it sets standards for phlebotomy
What does CLIA stand for and what does it regulate?
CLIA stands for Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments; regulates all labs, hospitals, clinics and reference laboratories
What does CLIA stand for and what does it regulate?
CLIA stands for Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments; regulates all labs, hospitals, clinics and reference laboratories
A United States government agency that enforces a safe working condition is known as:
Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA)
The Joint Commission provides accreditation to?
Hospitals and nursing homes
A United States government agency that enforces a safe working condition is known as:
Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA)
The Joint Commission provides accreditation to?
Hospitals and nursing homes
Series of events that lead to an infection is known as the:
Chain of infection
Enteric isolation is for patients with what type of infection:
Intestinal infections
Airborne isolation is used:
For patients with infections that spread by droplets that are smaller than 5 micrometers
The purpose of a Protective/Reverse/Neutropenic isolation is to:
Protect patients who are highly susceptible to infections
A pre-surgical test to assess capillary integrity and platelet’s adhesive/aggregative capabilities is the:
Bleeding Time Test
Erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes are also known as:
Red blood cells, White blood cells and Platelets
Hemoconcentration is defined as:
A condition in which plasma enters tissues resulting in higher than normal concentration of cellular components of blood
What is a nosocomial infection?
An infection that is acquired after a person enters a hospital, clinic or nursing home
Disease causing microorganisms are called:
Pathogens (Pathogenic)
Arteries are blood vessels that carry:
Oxygenated blood away from the heart
Capillaries are:
Microscopic, unicellular blood vessels linking arterioles to venules
The Superior and Inferior vena cava are:
The two largest veins that bring oxygen-poor blood from upper and lower parts of the body
The antecubital fossa is defined as:
The area of the arm that is anterior and at the bend of the elbow
The basilic vein is a:
Vein on the inner side of the antecubital area
NPO stands for:
Nothing By Mouth
_______________ is leakage of blood into tissues and is the most common complication of phlebotomy
Hematoma
The largest artery in the body is:
Aorta
The largest veins in the body are:
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
The upper chambers of the heart are the:
Atria
The lower chambers of the heart are the:
Ventricles
The buffy coat contains:
WBC and Platelets
Another term for Red Blood Cells(RBC) is:
Erythrocytes
The molecule in the RBC that carries O2 and CO2 is:
Hemoglobin
QNS stands for:
Quantity not sufficient
Plasma contains coagulation factors: T/F?
True
Serum contains coagulation factors: T/F?
False
Serum is the liquid portion of anticoagulated blood: T/F?
False
Hematology is the study of:
Blood and blood forming tissues
The difference between plasma and serum is that:
Serum does not contain coagulation factors
Which needle gauge has the largest bore or lumen? 18 or 23?
18
A phlebotomist is collecting a sputum sample from a patient. Which of the following instructions should the technician give the patient?
“Breathe deeply and then cough up a specimen into the container.”
What are the levels of certification in phlebotomy?
Limited Phlebotomy Technician (LPT) - Authorized to do skin puncture blood collection only.
Certified Phlebotomy Technician I (CPT I) - Authorized to do skin puncture and venipuncture blood collection. There are different requirements for applicants with no phlebotomy experience, applicants with less than 1,040 hours of on-the-job phlebotomy experience, and applicants with 1040 or more hours of on-the-job phlebotomy experience in the last 5 years.
Certified Phlebotomy Technician II (CPT II) - Authorized to do skin puncture,venipuncture, and arterial puncture blood collection.
Reciprocity
One state recognizing the licensure granted by another state
What are the continuing education requirements for phlebotomists?
Six (6) continuing education units (CEUs) every two (2)years to renew state phlebotomy license
Who discovered circulation in the 17th century?
William Harvey
What are the 2 modern methods of blood collection?
venipuncture: collecting blood via a needl inserted in the skin
capillary puncture: blood collection via a lancet puncture of the skin
What are the 2 major divisions of the clinical laboratory departments?
Clinical analysis - Chemistry, hematology, Coagulation, Serology/immunology, urinalysis, Microbiology, blood bank
Surgical/anatomical pathology - Histology, Cytology
What does CAP stand for?
College of American Pathologists (CAP)
- sets standards for Phlebotomy
- Provides proficiency testing
What is The Joint Commission?
Accrediting agency for hospitals and nursing homes
- inspections every 2 years
- Deficiencies must be corrected in specified timeline
- Enforces CLSI standards
- Works with CAP to accredit labs
What are a few Chemistry Panels?
What is CLSI and what do they do?
Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute
- Establishes procedural guidelines for all areas of lab
- Gold Standard
- Made up of volunteer representatives from lab profession, industry and government
What does CAP stand for?
College of American Pathologists (CAP)
- sets standards for Phlebotomy
- Provides proficiency testing
What is The Joint Commission?
Accrediting agency for hospitals and nursing homes
- inspections every 2 years
- Deficiencies must be corrected in specified timeline
- Enforces CLSI standards
- Works with CAP to accredit labs
What is an infection?
Invasion of the body with pathogenic (disease causing)
bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, or
parasites
What does a Gram Stain do?
Tells about the properties of the cell wall and helps to identify the organism
In what order should you don PPE?
Gown
Mask
Eyes
Gloves
In what order should you doff PPE?
Gloves
Gown
Eyes
Mask
Wash hands
What is the Chain of Infection?
Comprised of the several factors needed to create an infection
Break one link will prevent the infection from occuring
What is contact isolation?
§ For patients with diseases that can
be spread by direct contact
§ All equipment is disposed of in
room or left in it for later use
§ Examples:
- C. difficile
- Resistant bacteria (MRSA)
- Group A strep
- Neisseria meningitides
§ PPE: gloves and gown
What is droplet isolation?
§ For patients with diseases spread by
droplets that are > 5 micrometers
§ Examples:
- Haemophilus influenzae
meningitis
- Influenza
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Pertussis (Whopping cough)
- Rubella (German Measles)
§ PPE: mask
What is airborne isolation?
§ For patients with diseases spread by
droplets that are < 5 micrometers
§ Special req: negative pressure room
§ Examples:
- TB (Tuberculosis)
- Measles
- Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
- Varicella (Chickenpox)
§ PPE: n95 or higher level respirator
What vaccine must employers provide at no cost to employees?
Hep B
What is the ration of bleach to water for disinfecting?
1:10 bleach to water
When should you replace a sharps container?
When it is 2/3 full
What does CBC stand for?
Complete Blood Count
Drawn with a Lavender EDTA tube because Potassium and Sodium EDTA don’t destroy cell morphology
What does BMP stand for?
Basic Metabolic Profile
Drawn in a Gold or Tiger Top Serum Separator Tube
What does C&S stand for?
Culture and Sensitivity (C&S)
Test to identify the microorganism and the
antibiotic most effective for treatment
Bacteremia
Presence of bacteria in the blood
Identified with a blood culture
What is a blood culture?
Test to identify bacterial infection in the blood
Autologous transfusion
Patient donates his/her/their own blood for
later use
Cross-match
Exposure of donor’s blood to patient’s blood to
see if they are compatible
What are the 3 veins located in the antecubital fossa in order of preference for venipuncture?
Median Cubital vein
- located near the center
Cephalic vein
- located on the lateral aspect of the antecubital fossa
Basilic vein
- located on medial aspect of antecubital fossa
- least desirable due to its proximity to the brachial artery and nerve
What is the difference between an occluded vein and a sclerosed vein?
Occluded veins are closed or constricted while sclerosed veins have become hardened
