Week 1 Flashcards
How can commensal microbes cause virulence?
By cross-infection, overgrowth or translocation.
What is the difference between a primary and opportunistic pathogen?
Opportunistic only cause disease when the host’s resistance is supressed whereas primary can cause disease despite having a normal host defence.
What is part of the normal microbial flora?
Bacteria and fungi.
What is a fast way of identifying bacteria?
Microscopy by shape or gram-staining.
Other than MCS what are techniques for microbial identification?
polymerase chain reaction, serology, chest X-rays, white cell count and inflammatory markers (ESR and CRP).
What are the ESKAPE pathogens?
Enterocoous faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobactor baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobactor species.
Which type of bacteria is the most difficult to treat?
Gram-negative bacteria.
What is the latent and incubation period?
Latent is the period between becoming infected and the pathogen being detectable. Incubation period is the period between the pathogen invading tissue and the appearance of symptoms.
What is sepsis?
A life-threatening, extreme systemic inflammatory response to infection, which damages healthy tissues and organs, leading to multiple organ failure, shock and ultimately death.
What is meningitis?
A life-threatening disease, associated with infection and inflammation of the meninges, which are the membranes that surround the brain.
What are the classes of antibiotics?
Aminoglycosides, carbapenems, cephalosporins, glycopeptides, lincosamides, macrolides, nitromidazoles, penicillins, quinolones, rifamycins, tetracyclines, anti-myobacterials, and other.
What is MINDME?
Guiding prinicples for prescribing anti microbials.
Microbiology, Indications, Narrowest spectrum, Dosage adjustment, Minimise duration and Ensure monotherapy.
What are causes of antibiotic resistance?
Over-prescribing, not finishing treatment, over-use in livestock and fish farming, poor infection control in hospitals, lack of hygiene and poor sanitation and lack of new antibiotics.
What are the two types of antibiotic resistance?
Intrinsic and acquired.
Which antibiotics cannot be taken with alcohol?
metronidazole and tinidazole.
