WEEK 1

Question 1

WHO Definition of Health

Answer 1

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Question 2

Epidemiology Definition

Answer 2

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states in specific populations, and the application of this study to control of health problems

Question 3

Biostatistics Definition

Answer 3

The application of statistics to biological and medical problems. This is one of the basic sciences of public health, applied in the analysis of vital and health statistics and in the use of statistical tests for associations, correlation, significance levels, etc., in epidemiology, toxicology, environmental health sciences, and all other public health sciences

Question 4

Health Research

Answer 4

the investigation of health and disease or any of the factors that contribute to the presence or absence of physical, mental, and social health among individuals, families, communities, nations, or the world population

Question 5

Clinical Research

Answer 5

evaluates the best ways to prevent, diagnose and treat adverse health issues that adversely affect individuals and families

Question 6

Population health research

Answer 6

focuses on the health outcomes and the determinants of health in groups of humans (populations)

Question 7

Biological (basic medical) research

Answer 7

looks at changes at human cellular level that can be related to the health outcomes

Question 8

5 Steps of the Research Process

Answer 8

1. Identify a study question
2. Select a general study approach
3. Design the study and collect data
4. Analyze data
5. Write and share a report about the findings

Question 9

Concept Mapping

Answer 9

visual listing of ideas and grouping them to reveal relationships
- brainstorm to generate a list of words or phrases

Question 10

what does EDP stand for

Answer 10

Exposure, Disease, Population

Question 11

What is Exposure

Answer 11

a personal characteristic (socioeconomic status), behaviour (smoking), environmental encounter (pollution), or intervention (treatment) that might change the likelihood of developing a health condition

Question 12

What is Outcome

Answer 12

an observed event such as the presence of disease in a participant in ab observational study or the measured endpoint in an experimental study

Question 13

What is population

Answer 13

a group of individuals, communities or organizations with identifiable similar characteristics

ex. Individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in London in 2021

Question 14

what does PICOT stand for. in health research?

Answer 14

• What is the Patient (or Population) group and Problem that will be studied?
• What is the intervention that will be tested?
• What will the intervention be compared to? What is the Control group?
• What is the Outcome of Interest?
• What is the Timeframe for follow up?

Question 15

4 things that make a question a good research question

Answer 15

1) A real question
2) Testable
3) Generalizable
4) Purposeful

Question 16

What is a study goal?

Answer 16

single overarching objective of a research project or the main question that a research project seeks to answer

Question 17

What is the most common number of specific objectives studies have?

Answer 17

3

Question 18

SMART - a good specific objective

Answer 18

 Specific
 Measurable
 Attainable
 Relevant
 Timely

Question 19

Sequential vs Independent objectives

Answer 19

Sequential: chronological list of actions that will achieve the main goal

Independent: related but independent objectives. When one objective is not achieved, it will not prevent successfully completion of other objectives

Question 20

what is a theoretical framework?

Answer 20

a set of established models in the published literature that can inform the components and flows of the conceptual framework for a new research study

Question 21

Lalondes Model

Answer 21

be first modern government doc in Western context to propose the health field look beyond the biomedical health care system
- Proposed health field = human biology + environment + lifestyle + health care organization

Question 22

Translational research

Answer 22

bridges basic research and clinical research by applying scientific discoveries to the improvement of clinical outcomes

Question 23

Step 1: Identifying a Study Question

Answer 23

-Selecting a research question
-Reviewing the literature
-Defining specific aims
-Professional development
-Coauthoring

Question 24

Risk factor

Answer 24

exposure that increases an individuals likelihood of subsequently experiencing a particular disease or outcome

Question 25

Protective factor

Answer 25

an exposure that reduced an individuals likelihood of subsequently experiencing a particular disease or outcome

Question 26

Nonmodifable vs. Modifiable risk factor

Answer 26

Nonmodifiable risk factor: risk factor for a disease that can not be changed through health interventions
-Example age is the leading cause for many noncommunicable diseases

Modifiable risk factor: risk factor for a disease that can be avoided or mitigated

Question 27

Comorbidity

Answer 27

describes two or more adverse health conditions occurring at the same time, can complicate the management of chronic health conditions

Question 28

what is inquiry?

Answer 28

is the process of finding answers to questions that arise from personal experiences. Inquiry is grounded in curiosity about a problem or idea.

Question 29

what is testability?

Answer 29

is the ability of a research question to be answered using experiments or other types of measurements

Question 30

what is a hypothesis?

Answer 30

informed assumption about the likely outcome of a well designed investigation that can be tested using scientific methods

Question 31

Health Belief Model

Answer 31

considers health behaviour change to be a function of perceived susceptibility to an adverse health outcome, perceived severity of the disease, perceived benefits of behaviour change, perceived barriers to change, cues to action and self efficacy

Question 32

Social Ecological Model

Answer 32

considers individual health and health behaviours to be a function of the social environment, which includes interpersonal, intrapersonal, institutional, community and public policy dimensions

Question 33

Conceptual framework

Answer 33

a model that a researcher sketches using boxes and arrows to illustrate the various relationships that will be evaluated during a study

Question 34

Feasibility study

Answer 34

is an evaluation of the likelihood that a task can be complete with the time, money, technology and other resources that are available for the activity

Question 35

FINER acronym for characteristics of a viable research project:

Answer 35

o Feasible
o Interesting
o Novel
o Ethical
o Relevant

Question 36

Demography

Answer 36

• study of the size and composition of population dynamics

Question 37

3 levels of prevention

Answer 37

Primary Prevention - encompasses health behaviors + protective actions that mitigate adverse health events from occurring in people who do not already have the condition
Secondary Prevention - the detection of health problems in asymptomatic individuals at an early stage when the conditions have not caused significant damage and can be treated
Ex. cancer screening, blood pressure check, routine hearing/vision tests

Tertiary Prevention - interventions that reduce impairment, minimize pain and suffering, and prevent death in people with symptomatic health problems

Question 38

What is a Disorder

Answer 38

functional impairment that can be characterized by measurable structural or physiological changes

Question 39

Internal vs External Validity

Answer 39

Internal validity - evidence that a study measured what it is intended to measure
External validity - likelihood that results with internal validity can be generalized

Question 40

What type of research evaluates the best ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat adverse health issues that affect individuals and families?

Answer 40

Clinical Research

Question 41

Demography is often used as a tool in what type of research?

Answer 41

Population Health Research