Week 1

Question 1

Why Study the History of Psychology?

Answer 1

• Diversity of psychology - study of the mind, beh., cognition
• Divisiveness and fragmented - between different fields
• Common(ish?) history - we have multiple histories that shaped the field that have come together along the way
• Coherent and better understanding of how vast and diverse psychology is today

Question 2

Define Psychology, “Big P” and “Little P”?

Answer 2

• Psychology: The study of being human
• “Big P” Psychology: recognizes the formal setting, peer-reviews paper, institutionalized discipline
• “Little p” psychology: psychological subject matter of everyday life (behaviour, emotions, thoughts)

Question 3

What is Reflexivity? Agent? Object?

Answer 3

Reflexivity refers to: Confounding of the agent and the object of study in psychology, so that:
1. The knowledge produced by agents (and their characteristics) affects how objects respond while being studied.
2. The knowledge produced by psychology applies as much to the agents as to the objects.

Agents : psychologists doing the research
Object: participants

Question 4

What Intelligence Testing study did Horace Mann Bond conduct?

Answer 4

Black children performed worse on IQ tests when the test was administered by a White tester than a Black tester. The agent influence object being tested.

Question 5

What is Social Constructionism ?

Answer 5

They are factors outside of psychology affect:
* The definition and practice of psychology
* The type of knowledge generated
* How this knowledge is received
* Psychology as a discipline and psychologists exist within a web of many factors, including: Social, Political and Cultural

*the key is about knowing which factors are relevant

Question 6

How do the Leipzig Model and Paris Model differ when it comes to Psychological experiments?

Answer 6

The Leipzig Model (Germany, Wilhelm Wundt)
* Experimenter as a subject, too
* Equal status between experimenter and the subject
*common in Germany

The Paris Model (France, Medical context)
* Experimenter is in control, no equal status
* Subject receives treatment or manipulation
*ex: while studying hysteria, patients received treatment clear agent inciting treatment and object observed
*Paris model stayed persistent throughout history

Question 7

Where did psychical originate? How did US psychical evolve? Geographically, which psychology is better documented? Is Big P and Little P universal?

Answer 7

Psychology originated in Germany and exported in the late 1890s
* US psychology became bigger than European psychology in the early 1900s
**by the US travelled to Germany and applied it to their psychology
* American brand of psychology better documented
* BUT…psychology originates from specific cultures
* Imports aspects of psychology from other aspects
* “Big P” and “Little P” are not universal

Question 8

When was homogenization of psychology brought up to be an issue? And how did it affect American Psychology?

Answer 8

Internalization of psychology - A movement against the homogenization of psychology, mainly in developing countries that emerged post-WW2, and gained international attention in the 1980s

• In the US, this can be seen in the rejection of German experimentalism and
  the development of an American functional psychology

Question 9

What is the Key Takeaway of Indigenous (earliest/roots/initial) Psychology

Answer 9

Knowledge is rooted (or nested) within the ecological context.

Question 10

What are the 10 Assumptions of Western, Eurocentric/North American Psychology?

Answer 10

• Individuality - differences of owns own beh., emotions. focus on self, treatment specified for a person vs. broad groups
• Reductionism - reflects small tangle unites of studies that can be controls in an experiment
• Experiment-based empiricism - emphasis on experiments, multiples consoles, variables. Vatican: how much a decent variable is explained in a independent variable
• Scientism - belief that the method we use can be applied to social sciences – causes dissonance. applying hard sciences (chem) to social
• Materialism - favour varibales in studyes we can see/experience
• Quantification/measurement - if unable to quantity it, why study it?
• “Objectivity” - research we engage is in unbiased
• Male dominance - field is in favour to males
• Nomothetic laws - theory is applicable to general public
• Rationality - the understand there is a liner train in psych. natural cause and affect

Question 11

What is Historiography? What are the 3 method of studying history?

Answer 11

Historiography - Techniques and principles used in historical research
1. Lost or suppressed data
* rely on people who worked with the psycholgist to restore destroyed data
2. Data distorted in translation
*German saying/phrases that cannot translate equally to English results in misinterpretation
3. Self-serving data
*people who only present work in a certain perspective

Question 12

Who is Edwin G.Boring? What is history focus on regarding psychology? Does historical contact important?

Answer 12

Edwin G. Boring (1886-1968) - Wrote what is called the most influential modern history of psychology. Wrote where psych goal was, where it “is” (at the time of writing)

History focused on the growth of psychology via science and experiments since the 19th century

historical context is necessary to understand where psychology was at

Question 13

What are Edwin.B Two Approaches?

Answer 13

The Person
* The role of the individual as a creative person in moving, shaping history
* History based on the contributed to the history of psychology and its direction

The Zeitgeist
* “Spirit of the Times”
* The cultural context in which the
contribution takes place
* Prevailing ideologies, social forces, socioeconomic situations can be influential

Question 14

What id Laural Foromoto have to say about traditional history vs new history? What were Kuhns opinions on paradigms?

Answer 14

Laurel Furomoto (1989)
* Traditional history – “scientist as objective fact finder, neutral observer”
* New history – “scientists as subjective, influenced by various factors”

Thomas Kuhn and paradigms
* Paradigms reflect set of fundamental beliefs that guide researchers
* Periods occur in which new paradigms emerge and old paradigms diminish

Question 15

How do theories explain multiples aspects of psychology? Is there one or multiple theories? Do they overlap? What issues can it lead to?

Answer 15

No one theory covers all of psychology, and different theories compete to explain parts of the data that exist
* Some theories overlap, some do not; some theories overlap more than others
* Leads to issues about what is legitimate versus illegitimate data

Question 16

What is Critical Thinking?

Answer 16

This does not mean to be or think negatively

It means:
* Thinking about the how and the why
* Being sensitive to and aware of the role of historical and cultural contexts
* Have different standards (presentism)

Question 17

What does DWEM stand for?

Answer 17

Dead
White
European
Men

Question 18

Why are there so few women in the history of psychology?

Answer 18

• Unable to attain a PhD
• Could not secure full-time academic positions (or only positions limited to teaching colleges only)
• rejected with the idea that women have to maintain their marriage obligations
• 1920s: focus on hiring men
• Excluded from informal networking sharing societies (e.g., SEP)

Question 19

When did the US Civil RIghts act make it illegal to discriminate based on sex? What special division was formed in 1976?

Answer 19

1964

APA (Academic Psychology Workforce) special division formed in 1976 created the Psychology of
Women Quarterly

Question 20

What task force did the CPA - Canadian Psychology Association create in 1975? What four issues did it address?

Answer 20

In 1975, the CPA created a task force on the Status of Women

Addressed four primary issues:
* Status of women in psychology
* Education and training of women in psychology
* Sex bias in psychological research
* Psychological services for women

Question 21

In 1977, a report was published in a special issue of Canadian Psychological Review, what were the findings?

Answer 21

• Women were less likely to be hired
• More likely to hold positions in applied settings
• More likely to receive lower salaries
• Less likely to hold the rank of full professor or be in senior administrative positions
• Promoted at slower rates
• Published less

Question 22

Who was the first black man to earn a PhD in psych? Who was the first black women to each a PhD in psychology?

Answer 22

Dr. Cecil Sumner
* First Black American to earn a PhD in psychology (1920)

Dr. Inez Prosser
* First Black American Woman to earn a PhD in psychology (1933)

Question 23

When was there an emergence of colleges for Black people in the US? What were some setbacks? What was the focus on research/studys regarding black people?

Answer 23

Emergence of colleges in the US post-civil war

Setback:
* Under-funding and needs of Black communities led to a focus on applied psychology

• Focus on similarities between black and while people not differences

Question 24

In terms of offering psychological degrees to black peoples, what was the major setback?

Answer 24

By the late 1930s, there were still only four Black schools that offered psychology as a major

Limited opportunity:
* Emphasis on educational psychology
* Limited training in experimental psychology and statistical methods

Question 25

That were the three recommendations Division 9 presented regarding there tinge and employment needs of black psychologists?

Answer 25

1967, three recommendations were made:
1. Encourage ways to connect undergraduates from Black schools to career possibilities, expand access
2. Adopt measures to increase participation by Black psychologists in the APA
3. Equal opportunities committee should start gathering statistics to compare Black and non-Black psychologists, provide oppournity

Question 26

what are some Notable figures from Black Psychology?

Answer 26

*Na’amAkbar, Clinical psychologists – African-centered approach to psychology
* Wade Noble – wrote African Psychology (1968)
* Joseph Baldwin – wrote The African Personality in America (1992)
* Kenneth and Mamie Clark – the Doll Studies

Question 27

What did the “Doll Studies” conducted by Kenneth and Mamie Clark find?

Answer 27

In the study black children where presented with black and white dolls
they were instructions to point to a certain doll depending on what they believed to match the statement, as such - “which doll is pretty, which doll is bad? which doll is kind?” in thus the children continually depicted the black doll in a negative light even though they themselves are black

1954, Brown vs. Board of Education
“To separate them [black children] from others of similar age and qualification solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone.”