Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Language Development @Utrecht University > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How is the age of the child denoted (years, months, days)?

A

years;months.days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the big four levels of language according to Matthew Saxton?

A

Phonology, vocabulary, morphology and grammar.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Linguistics

A

The study of language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pragmatics

A

The study of how people use language.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Intonation

A

The pitch contour of an utterance created by successive rises and falls in pitch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Metalinguistics

A

Knowledge about language and the ability to reflect on it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Vocabulary spurt

A

A huge increase in rate of word learning between the ages of two and six.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Segmentation problem

A

The problem of identifying individual linguistic units from continuous speech.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Morpheme

A

The smallest unit of meaning in a language.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How did Jean Berko Gleason test children’s knowledge of inflectional morphemes?

A

He showed them one ‘wug’, added one and then said: ‘There are now two of them. There are two …’.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Syntax

A

The rules that determine how words are put together to make sentences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Innateness

A

The property of being inborn or genetically determined.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How big is the vocabulary of an average six-year old?

A

10.000-14.000 words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

gavagai problem

A

How to determine what a given word refers to, given the infinite possibilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

heritability estimate

A

A figure that indicates what proportion of the variance in behaviour can be attributed to genetic factors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Linguistic universals

A

Principles and properties that are true of language and define what it is to be a language.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two types of linguistic universals?

A

Absolute: syntactic principles or structures that appear in every language
Relative: syntactic features and categories + typically binary parameters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The poverty of stimulus argument

A

States that input contains too little information for children to reach the final state.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Case filter

A

An absolute universal, the requirement that all overt nouns and pronouns in every language have case.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the Learnability Problem

A

A child’s knowledge of the language goes beyond what you can assume based on the information they have received. There has to be another source from within.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

POS

A

Reasoning from poverty of stimules, an argument.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

FOXP2

A

A gene that is found to cause language difficulties among other things.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What 3 periods compose the history of Child Language Studies?

A

1) dairy studies
2) large sample studies
3) longitudinal studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When was the period of dairy studies?

A

1876-1926

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

When was the period of large sample studies?

A

1926-1957

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When was the period of longitudinal studies?

A

1957-present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

When can the nominative case be assigned to the subject of a sentence?

A

When the sentence is finite, i.e. it has tense.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the default case in English?

A

accusative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the default case in Dutch?

A

nominative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

affix

A

A morpheme that is added to the word either on the left hand side or the right hand side.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

affricate

A

A sequence of two consonants, stop + fricative, that often behave as a single phoneme in languages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

agent

A

A person who intentionally causes something to happen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

case

A

marks the grammatical function of a noun or pronoun.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

CDS

A

Child Directed Speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Child Directed Speech (CDS)

A

A special mode of speech adopted by adults or older children when speaking with younger children. Different aspects are simplified and clarified.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Clause

A

Contains a subject and a verb at minimum. A sentence can contain multiple clauses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

linguistic competence

A

The knowledge we have of language.

38
Q

Consonants

A

Are produced with some restriction of airflow through the mouth.

39
Q

Minimal pair

A

Two words that differ only in one phoneme and have a different meaning.

40
Q

copula

A

A verb that connects the subject to the rest of the sentence, in absence of a main verb.

41
Q

derivational morpheme

A

A morpheme added to a stem to produce a new word, which may belong to a different category than the stem.

42
Q

ecological validity

A

The extent to which a study reflects conditions in the real world.

43
Q

Homophone

A

Two words which are pronounced in the same way, but have a different meaning.

44
Q

inflectional morpheme

A

Inflections added to the ends of words to denote a particular grammatical function. Do not change the grammatical category.

45
Q

proper noun

A

picks out a specific person or entity.

46
Q

common noun

A

refers to a group of properties.

47
Q

mutual exclusivity bias

A

The assumption that two different words do not have the same meaning.

48
Q

overextension

A

Using a word beyond its conventional meaning, for larger categories than it actually captures the meaning of.

49
Q

elicited production

A

getting someone to produce something

50
Q

Name 3 plausible causes of overextension:

A

1) an immature category
2) lexical gap
3) retrieval failure

51
Q

How big is the vocabulary of an 18-month old?

A

about 50 words

52
Q

What 4 principles do we expect objects to adhere to?

A

1) cohesion
2) continuity
3) solidity
4) contact

53
Q

What 4 principles do we expect objects to adhere to?

A

1) cohesion
2) continuity
3) solidity
4) contact

54
Q

The cohesion principle

A

Objects compromise a connected and bounded region of matter.

55
Q

The continuity principle

A

Objects follow a continuous path through space.

56
Q

The solidity principle

A

One object cannot pass through another.

57
Q

The principle of contact

A

Inanimate objects move only when they are touched by another object or person.

58
Q

Shape bias

A

The shape of an object overrides all other properties.

59
Q

ALA

A

Attentional Learning Account

60
Q

Attentional Learning Account (ALA)

A

Relies on associative learning.

61
Q

What is the smallest unit of words?

A

Sounds

62
Q

What does lexical acquisition require?

A

Dividing up the speech stream into word-sized units and associating these units with meaning.

63
Q

What are the building blocks of sentences?

A

Words

64
Q

Syntactic priming

A

First give a child an utterance with a particular syntactic construction, then have the child to produce a new utterance that uses that same construction.

65
Q

Repetition elication

A

USed when the structure is rather complex. Children are asked to repeat the utterance.

66
Q

Peabody picture vocabulary test

A

Estimates the child’s receptive vocabulary. The child points at a picture that matches the words.

67
Q

Act-out tasks

A

Children are given toys and a linguistic description and mnust make the toys act out the appropriate scenario.

68
Q

Picture matching task

A

Children hear a sentence and are asked to point to the matching picture.

69
Q

Truth value judgement task

A

A child looks at stories and indicates if the used by the experimenter to describe the story is right or wrong

70
Q

When does the child only do reflexive crying/vegetative sounds?

A

0-1 months

71
Q

When does the child exhibit cooing?

A

1-4 months

72
Q

When is the babbling stage?

A

From 6 months.

73
Q

How does the cooing stage develop itseld?

A

From vowel to intonational patterns.

74
Q

Give some examples of behaviour during the babbling stage:

A

Internal behaviour, no response. Non reduplicated babbling.

75
Q

Holophrastic

A

The use of a single word to express a whole idea.

76
Q

When is the one-word stage?

A

1 year

77
Q

What are some characteristics of the one-word stage?

A

Sounds relate to meanings. Single words are used to mean whole sentences.

78
Q

When is the two-word stage?

A

At 2 years

79
Q

What are three possible interpretations during the two-word stage?

A

Subject-verb
verb-complement
posessor-posessed

80
Q

What are some characteristics of the two-word stage?

A

Words lack morphological and syntactic markers. There are different combinations of word order.

81
Q

When is the telegraphic stage?

A

2 years

82
Q

What are some characteristics of the telegraphic stage?

A

Utterances are 2-5 words with little extra morphology, morphological overgeneralisation, a vocabulary of about 400 words.

83
Q

What is the miracle of language according to Charles Yang?

A

The ability to arrange sounds into infinitely many ways to convey infinitely varied meanings.

84
Q

What is the research question of Fromkin, Hyam and Radman

A

How do children acquire such an intricate system so quickly and effortlessly?

85
Q

What is the logical problem of language acquisition according to Saxton (and Lightfoot)?

A

If the child’s linguistic knowledge does not provide the basis for establishing a particular aspect of linguistic knowledge, there must be another source for that knowledge.

86
Q

What are some characteristics of dairy studies?

A

They generally talk about everything from muscle development to musical skills, there is a tremendous variation in quality and detail. The parent is the observer.

87
Q

What is the goal of large sample studies?

A

To develop a theory of learning where the child’s changes in behaviour are explained by observable conditions of the environment.

88
Q

What are some characteristics of large sample studies?

A

Theoretically oriented, fairly systematic observation.

89
Q

How does behaviourism explain language acquisition?

A

By determining the set of environmental conditions that lead the child to identify and associate events with internal states.

90
Q

Longitudinal studies

A

Where the child is visited at frequent predetermined intervals for a reasonable length of time with the purpose of collecting a representative sample.

Language Development @Utrecht University (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions