Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYCH 3MT3 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Tests

A

Test: a measurement device or technique used to quantify behavior or aid in the understanding and prediction of behavior

Tests in the modern world - a large part of everyone’s life and success depends on test results

Tests are about INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
—Find a way to quantify/categorize those individual differences
—In some ways the opposite of much experimental psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

types of tests

A

Intelligence tests - how do you define what intelligence is and how do you make a test for it

Aptitude tests - for dental school- want to know that they are good with their hands - physical skills, how to you determine what pilot is the least likely to die
—-Things youre good at

Achievement tests - depends on you knowing some stuff - driving tests

Creativity tests

Personality tests

Interest inventories - career stuff - what do you like - inside/outside, people etc.

Behavioral procedures - test impulse control - how long can you stand still

Neuropsychological tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Uses for Tests
CSPR

A
  1. Classification -
    —-placement, screening, certification - different categories
    —-Diagnosis and treatment planning
  2. Self-knowledge
    —Facebook quizzes - which character are you
  3. Program evaluation
    —Is this program managing students who are qualified
    —-Not interested in individuals but looking at the overall
  4. Research
    —Fundamental constructs - what does personality mean
    —Testing these things also defining the concepts themselves
    —Used to make judgments, predictions and decisions about people
    —Test for health at birth - need to know about psychometrics to use this info
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Item:

A

Item: a specific stimulus to which a person responds overtly - response can be scored or evaluated ex. classified, graded on a scale, or counted.

Psychological and educational tests are made up of items - data produced are explicit and hence subject to scientific inquiry

Items are the specific questions or problems that make up a test.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

overt and covert behavior

A

Overt behavior - individual’s observable activity

Ex. measure the extent to which someone might engage in or “emit” a particular overt behavior
Or measure how much a person has previously engaged in some overt behavior

Covert Behavior - takes place within an individual and cannot be directly observed - feelings and thoughts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Psychological test:

A

Psychological test: or educational test is a set of items that are designed to measure characteristics of human beings that pertain to behavior

The main use of these tests is to evaluate individual differences or variations among individuals

Psyched tests measure past or current behavior and some attempt to predict future behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Scores on tests may be related to:

A

Traits - enduring characteristics or tendencies to respond in a certain manner

States - specific condition or status of an individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Scores and Context

A

A score can only be analyzed within a specific context

  • need to look at the distribution to interpret a score

Scales - relate raw scores on test items to some defined theoretical or empirical distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

indvidual and group tests

A

Individual test - only given to one person at a time

Test administrator - person giving the test

Group test - can be administered to more than one person at a time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Achievement

A

Achievement: previous learning

Test that measures or evaluates how many words you can spell correctly is called a spelling achievement test

How well have you learned something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Aptitude

A

Aptitude: potential for learning or acquiring a specific skill

Spelling aptitude: how many words you might be able to spell given a certain amount of training, education and experience

Ability to go and do something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Intelligence:

A

Intelligence: general potential to solve problems, adapt to changing circumstances, think abstractly and profit from experience

When a father scolds his daughter because she has not done as well in school as she can, he most likely believes that she has not used her intelligence (general potential) to achieve (acquire new knowledge).

Whats your ability to deal with the world - best aptitude test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

All three concepts are encompassed - achievement, aptitude and intelligence

A

by the term human ability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Distinction between ability tests and personality tests

A

Ability tests - related to capacity or potential

Personality tests - related to the overt and covert dispositions of the individual - tendency of a person to show a particular behavior or response in a given situation - Measures typical behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

types of personality tests

A

Structured personality tests - provide a statement usually of the “self-report” variety and require the subject to choose between two or more alternative responses such as true or false

Projective personality tests - either the stimulus (test materials) or the required response or both are ambiguous
Rorschach test - provide a spontaneous response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what do psychological tests measure?

A

Such tests measure individual differences in ability and personality and assume that the differences shown on the test reflect actual differences among individuals.

For instance, individuals who score high on an IQ test are assumed to have a higher degree of intelligence than those who obtain low scores.

The most important purpose of testing is to differentiate among those taking the tests.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Principles of Psychological Testing

A

Reliability: accuracy, dependability, consistency, or repeatability of test results

Validity: meaning and usefulness of test results.
validity refers to the degree to which a certain inference or interpretation based on a test is appropriate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Applications of Psychological Testing

A

Interview is a method of gathering information through verbal interaction, such as direct questions

Important complement to test results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Issues of Psychological Testing

A

Racial differences in ability, bias related to legal issues and the law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

History of Testing

A

Closely tied with the history of psychology (esp. in America).

Increased interest in individual differences in 19th and early 20th century

Darwin (then Galton, then Cattell) Universal schooling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Historical Perspective
Early Antecedents - chinese origins

A

Origins of testing - Chinese had a relatively sophisticated civil service testing program more than 4000 yrs ago - set up standardized testing for this

Han Dynasty - 206 -220 BCE - test batteries (two or more tests used in conjunction)

Early test topics - civil law, military affairs, agriculture, revenue and geography.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ming Dynasty

A

tests well developed - national multistage testing program involved local and regional testing centres with special booths

Did well at local level - went to provincial capitals for more extensive essay exams

Passed 3rd set of tests were eligible for public office

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

historical - western

A

e Western world most likely learned about testing programs through the Chinese. Reports by British missionaries and diplomats encouraged the English East India Company in 1832 to copy the Chinese system as a method of selecting
employees for overseas duty

British gov adopted a similar system of testing for its civil service in 1855

French and german govs followed

1883 - US gov established American Civil Service Commission

Developed and administered competitive examinations for certain gov jobs

Radical idea to take a test to do a job - in past do the job that your parent did

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Charles Darwin and Individual Differences

A

Darwin: Non-human animals - why are some more fit than others

Difficult to develop tools for measuring differences between people

The Origin of Species 1859 - higher forms of life evolved partially because of differences among individual forms of life within a species

Given that individual members differ - some possess characteristics that are more adaptive or successful in a given environment than are those of other members

Those with the most adaptive characteristics survive at the expense of those who are less fit and that the survivors pass their characteristics onto the next generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Galton

A

some people possessed characteristics that made them more fit than others

Classic Book - Classification of man according to their gifts

Take darwins ideas and see if they can be applied to people

Individual and physical differences between people
Tall, heavy, grip strength etc

Experimental studies to document the validity of his position

Concentrated on demonstrating that individual differences exist in human sensory and motor functioning

Initiated a search for knowledge concerning human individual differences

26
Q

Cattell

A

Starting moving this into psychological testing -Mental test - individual differences in reaction time - ultimately led to the development of modern tests.

Set up a lab at the University of Pennsylvania 1888

10 mental tests (standardized testing)

Dynamometer Pressure;
Rate of Movement (time to move an arm a specified distance);
Sensation-Areas (two-point discrimination);
Least Noticeable Difference in Weight;
Reaction Time for Sound;
Time for Naming Colors;
Bi-section of a 50-cm. Line;
Judgment of Ten Seconds Time;
Number of Letters Remembered on Once Hearing

27
Q

Hebart

A

Before psychology was practiced as a science, mathematical models of the mind were developed, in particular those of J. E. Herbart. Herbart eventually used these models as the basis for educational theories that strongly influenced 19th-century educational practices.

UNIVERSAL SCHOOLING - want to be able to identify those with talent

Anti-elitist forces - have gifts recognized

28
Q

Weber

A

attempted to demonstrate the existence of a psychological threshold - the minimum stimulus necessary to activate a sensory system

Devised law - strength of a sensation grows as the logarithm of the stimulus intensity

29
Q

Wundt

A

credited with founding the science of psychology

30
Q

psychological testing developed from at least two lines of inquiry:

A
  1. one based on the work of Darwin, Galton, and Cattell on the measurement of individual differences
  2. the other (more theoretically relevant and probably stronger) based on the work of the German psychophysicists Herbart, Weber, Fechner, and Wundt.

Experimental psychology developed from the latter - the idea that testing, like an experiment, requires rigorous experimental control.

Such control - comes from administering tests under highly standardized conditions

Such tests also arose in response to important needs such as classifying and identifying the mentally and emotionally handicapped.

31
Q

20th century - French minister of public instruction

A

French minister of public instruction appointed a commission to study ways of identifying intellectually subnormal individuals in order to provide them with appropriate educational experiences

Binet - first major general intelligence test - launched the first systematic attempt to evaluate individual differences in human intelligence

32
Q

Binet - Simon Scale - published in 1905

A

Contained 30 items of increasing difficulty and was designed to identify intellectually subnormal individuals

Response to universal schooling - how can we identify individuals who were delayed

Identify and well-below-average intelligence - but the idea shifts easily into the possibility for individual potential

33
Q

the importance of obtaining a standardization sample that represents the population for which a test will be used has sometimes been ignored or overlooked by test users.

A

if a standardization sample consists of 50 white men from wealthy families, then one cannot easily or fairly evaluate the score of an African American girl from a poverty-stricken family. Nevertheless, comparisons of this kind are sometimes made.

Clearly, it is not appropriate to compare an individual with a group that does not have the same characteristics as the individual.

representative sample is one
that comprises individuals similar to those for whom the test is to be used.

34
Q

Standardization (new concept introduced)

A

sample consisted of 50 children who had been given the test under standard conditions—that is, with precisely the same instructions and format. In obtaining this standardization sample - norms with which they could compare the results from any new subject.

Without such norms, the meaning of scores would have been difficult, if not impossible, to evaluate.

Mental age compared to real age

35
Q

Upper mobility

A

identify this talent regardless of where it is coming from

Surprise that girls performed as well as boys

Accepted once they saw the data

36
Q

Group Testing WW1

A

Group tests - scope broadened include tests of achievement, aptitude, interest, and personality. Because achievement, aptitude, and intelligence tests overlapped considerably distinctions proved to be more illusory than real

37
Q

World War One: Yerkes - Army Alpha and the Army Beta

what did each measure?

A

testing movement grew enormously in the United States because of the demand for a quick efficient way of evaluating the emotional and intellectual functioning of thousands of military recruits in World War I.

Binet test was an individual test - needed group

Yerkes - Army Alpha and the Army Beta

The Army Alpha required reading ability, whereas the Army Beta measured the intelligence of illiterate adults

38
Q

Achievement Tests

advantages

A

MC Q that are standardized on a large sample to produce norms to compare results

Ease of administration and scoring, lack of subjectivity or favouritism compared to written tests, broader coverage of content, less expensive, more efficient

In schools - maintained identical testing conditions and scoring standards for a large number of children

1930s - the objectivity and reliability of these new standardized tests made the superior to essay tests

Today - many people favor written tests - reduces marginalization of minority children

39
Q

Critics of testing movement

A

Accuracy and utility remained under heavy fire
End of 1930s - reestablish the respectability of tests

Revised stanford binet - 3000 standardization sample

Criticized bc of emphasis on language and verbal skills/reading

Few people believe that language or verbal skills play an exclusive role in human intelligence

Eventually revised 86 to include performance subtests

Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale (SB single score) - multipl scores - analyze individual’s pattern or combination of abilities

Performance IQ - performance tests no verbal response

40
Q

Personality tests

A

Measured presumably stable characteristics or traits that theoretically underlie behavior

Traits: relatively enduring dispositions (tendencies to act, think or feel in a certain manner in any given circumstance) that distinguish one individual from another

Ex. Optimism vs. pessimism

41
Q

earliest personality tests

A

Earliest - structured paper and pencil group tests

MC and TF, high degree of structure - responses can be scored - structured personality test
1st structured p test: Woodworth Personal Data Sheet - WW1 - simple by todays standards

Motivation to develop was to screen military recruits

Interpretation depended on the now-discredited assumption that the content of an item could be accepted at face value

Dishonesty and different interpretation from the administrator were problems

42
Q

Criticism of structured tests

A

Criticism of structured tests that relied on face value alone - nearly driven out of existence

43
Q

Following WW2 -SPT

A

personality tests based on fewer or different assumptions were introduced - rescuing the structured personality test

STRUCTURED - unambiguous test stim and specific alternative responses
Do you like to be at the centre of attention

Interest in PROJECTIVE tests grew - have not withstood a vigorous examination of their psychometric properties- ambiguous stimulus and unclear response requirements - subjective scoring - Rorschach (under a dark cloud today)

THEMATIC Apperception Test by Murray and Morgan
More structured
Ambiguous pictures depicting a variety of scenes and situations - boy sitting in front of a table with a violin on it
Required subject to make up a story about the scene

44
Q

In 1943, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

—to use empirical methods to determine the meaning of a test response—helped revolutionize structured personality tests

Authors argued that the meaning of a test response could be determined only by empirical research

Currently the most widely used and referenced personality test

45
Q

Problem with early personality tests - Woodworth

A

made far too many assumptions that subsequent scientific
investigations failed to substantiate

46
Q

Factor Analysis

A

finding the minimum number of dimensions (characteristics, attributes), called factors, to account for a large number of variables

Guilford - attempt to use factor analytic techniques in the development of a structured personality test

Cattell - 16-factor personality questionnaire - declining popularity but one of the most well-constructed structured personality tests and an important example of a test developed with factor analysis

Factor analysis today is a tool used in the design or validation of just about all major tests

47
Q

Woodworth Personal Data Sheet:

A

: An early structured personality test that assumed that a test response can be taken at face value.

first structured
personality test

48
Q

The Rorschach Inkblot Test:

A

A highly controversial projective test that provided an ambiguous stimulus (an inkblot) and asked the subject what it might be

49
Q

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT):

A

A projective test that provided ambiguous
pictures and asked subjects to make up a story

50
Q

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI):

A

A structured personality test that made no assumptions about the meaning of a test response. Such meaning was to be determined by empirical research

51
Q

The California Psychological Inventory (CPI):

A

A structured personality test developed according to the same principles as the MMPI.

52
Q

The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF):

A

A structured personality test
based on the statistical procedure of factor analysis

53
Q

one of the things that cemented psychology as a profession

A

Testing was one of the things that cemented psychology as a profession

Second half of the 20th century, a lot of public suspicions about standardized testing grew

54
Q

1940s

A

emergence of a whole new technology in psychological testing but also the growth of applied aspects of psychology

WW2 - gov encourage development of applied psychological technology

55
Q

1949

A

formal university training standards developed and accepted - clinical psychology born - other branches soon expanded

56
Q

40-50s - One of major functions of applied psychologist

A

40-50s - One of major functions of applied psychologist was providing psychological testing

APA psych could not conduct psychotherapy independently

Post WW2 psychologists rejected the secondary role to physicians

57
Q

50-70s

A

Testing in a sharp decline from 50-70

58
Q

The Current Environment

A

1980s+ branches of applied psychology emerged and flourished - neuropsychology, health psychology, forensic and child

59
Q

Bad testing

A

Phrenology
Bump on specific spot in brain leads to specific issue

Astrology
Scorpio - i know what youre like

Rorschach
Open to interpretation
Does not work - not valid or reliable

Interview
Judge of character

60
Q

what was the major function of the clinical psychologist in the late 1940s- early 1950s

A

testing

61
Q

rejecting secondary role to physicians

A

Further, because many psychologists associated
tests with this secondary relationship, they rejected testing

At the same time, the potentially intrusive nature of tests and fears
of misuse began to create public suspicion, distrust, and contempt for tests. Attacks
on testing came from within and without the profession

62
Q

Seguin Form Board Test

A

effort to educate and evaluate the mentally disabled.

PSYCH 3MT3 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions