Week 1

Question 1

Fossil

Answer 1

any preserved evidence from a prehistoric organism
-Means “dug up”

Question 2

Nares

Answer 2

nasal openings

Question 3

Orbits

Answer 3

Eye openings

Question 4

Fenestrae

Answer 4

latin for “windows” behind the orbits dinosaurs have two (four holes total) and are diapsids

Question 5

Laterotemporal fenestrae

Answer 5

On the side of the skull behind the orbits, allow more room for jaw muscles

Question 6

Supratemporal fenestrae

Answer 6

on the top of the head behind the orbits, allow more room for jaw muscles

Question 7

antorbital fenestrae

Answer 7

between the nares and the orbits, perhaps provide room for air to warm as the animal breaths in, or to lighten sull

Question 8

Centrum

Answer 8

the main spool shaped part of the spinal cord

Question 9

Neural arch

Answer 9

sits above the centrum and covers the neural canal

Question 10

neural canal

Answer 10

the opening formed between the centrum and neural arch which contains the spinal nerves

Question 11

Vertebral processess

Answer 11

protrusions from the main centrum of the vertebrae that can provide muscle attachments
-has two types
-Transverse which go out to the side
-Spinous processes which extend upward

Question 12

Cervical vertebrae

Answer 12

In the neck and have larger opening to contain blood vessels and are adapted to hold the head

Question 13

Dorsal vertebrae

Answer 13

often have spinous processes and large rib articulation surfaces

Question 14

Sacral vertebrae

Answer 14

are often fused together and also the pelvic bones to support the weight of the creature on the legs

Question 15

Caudal vertebrae

Answer 15

these are in the tail and are over top the chevrons

Question 16

Chevrons

Answer 16

bones under the caudal vertebrae that protect blood vessels and have muscle attachments points for the tail. (are equivalent to the spinous processes but pointing downward)

Question 17

Ribs

Answer 17

Can be found on all types of vertebrae but largest are on dorsal vertebrae

Question 18

Gastralia

Answer 18

small ribs that cover the underbelly

Question 19

Ilium

Answer 19

part of the pelvis is the upper most bone and is where the sacral vertebrae fuse to.

Question 20

Ischium

Answer 20

below the ilium but behind and above the pubis.

Question 21

Pubis

Answer 21

the lowest of the three pelvic bones, it decides what group the dinosaurs are in can be forward or behind

Question 22

Acetabulum

Answer 22

the hole in the pelvic girdle that the hind limb articulates

Question 23

Arm bones

Answer 23

Humerus, radius and ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Question 24

leg bones

Answer 24

Femur, fibula and tibia, Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Question 25

Saurischian

Answer 25

Pubis extends downwards and forwards (lizard hipped)

Question 26

Ornithischian

Answer 26

Pubis extends downwards and backwards (bird hipped), maybe makes more room for stomach and plant digestion

Question 27

Sauropomorphs

Answer 27

(saurischians > sauropomorphs) large herbivores with long necks and small head

Question 28

Prosauropods

Answer 28

(saurischians > sauropomorphs> prosauropods) early subgroup of sauropomorphs, large bodied herbivores

Question 29

Sauropods

Answer 29

(saurischians > sauropomorphs > Sauropods) later than the prosauropods. They are the main subspecies that reach giant size, long necks, with four robust (column like) legs, teeth and simple and peg like, Vertebrae (particularly cervical) are filled with air to reduce weight.

Question 30

Theropods

Answer 30

(saurischians > Theropods), bipedal carnivores, with serrated teeth and hooked claws. birds decendend from these (the only line still alive)

Question 31

Ornithopods

Answer 31

(Ornithischian > Ornithopods), lack armour and are usually bipedal (or hybrid), mostly deer sized. but have large subsets hadrosaurs and iguanodons

Question 32

Hadrosaurs

Answer 32

(Ornithischian > Ornithopods > hadrosaurs), larger than regular Ornithopods and are “Duck billed”, have elaborate boney crests and large beaks with tightly packed teeth forming a dental battery

Question 33

Iguanodonts

Answer 33

(Ornithischian > Ornithopods > Igaunodonts), larger than regular Ornithopods with a spike shaped claws

Question 34

Dental battery

Answer 34

Collection of tightly packed small teeth to form a chewing surface and referred too as a dental battery

Question 35

Pachycephalosaurs

Answer 35

(Ornithischian > Pachycephalosaurs), bipedal and strong with large tails and armoured skulls with horns pointing backwards. have sharp teeth in the front and flat in the back (dental battery) so they could be omnivores

Question 36

Ceratopsians

Answer 36

(Ornithischian > Ceratopsians), large beaks and large expanded skulls in the back forming neck armour (triceratops), also have large horns and dental batteries

Question 37

Stegosaurs

Answer 37

(Ornithischian > Stegosaurs), have large osteoderms down their spines and tails. their front limbs are short so are bad runners

Question 38

Osteroderms

Answer 38

bones that develop within the skin and are good for armour are in the skin so also count as part of the integument

Question 39

Ankylosaurs

Answer 39

(Ornithischian > ankylosaurs), heavily armoured with osteoderms with large ones on the tail to form “club”, have wide ribs and are low

Question 40

Integument

Answer 40

the dinosaurs body covering (skin) decays too fast to be fossilized

Question 41

black and grey melanosomes

Answer 41

long and narrow

Question 42

Red and Brown melanosomes

Answer 42

short and wide