week 1

Question 1

normal healthy fasting blood sugar (mM)

Answer 1

4 - 6

Question 2

beta , alpha, delta, pp cells secrete…

Answer 2

secrete: insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide

Question 3

insulin lispro

Answer 3

ultrafast / ultra shorting acting insulin

Question 4

insulin glargine

Answer 4

ultra long-acting insulin

Question 5

glucose kinase

Answer 5

glucose sensor

Question 6

what cell is the only cell in the body that makes and secretes insulin

Answer 6

beta (used as marker of beta cell) , shoudl only do this in response to blood glucose rising above 5mM

Question 7

why are there two phases in insulin secretion

Answer 7

biphasic - likely due to downregulation of sensing process

Question 8

how is pharmacological regulation of secretion process possible?

Answer 8

sulphonylurea drug mimics action of ATP to depolarise beta cells

Question 9

definitive sub-diagnosis of T1D

Answer 9

requires specific autoantibodies combined with C-peptide production

Question 10

why does T2D usually present with hyperinsulinemia

Answer 10

beta cells try to compensate for hyperglycaemia caused by insulin resistance

Question 11

gestational diabetes (GDM)

Answer 11

FBG > 5.5

Question 12

maturity onset diabetes of young (MODY)

Answer 12

monogenic disease with common clinical features to type 1 and 2. Beta cell dysfunction

Question 13

neonatal diabetes

Answer 13

rare form of monogenic diabetes, mostly caused by mutations in glucose sensing mechanism

Question 14

insulin resistance

Answer 14

occurs primarily through reduced insulin sensing and/or signalling

Question 15

other than obesity what else associated with insulin resistance

Answer 15

near complete absence of adipose, (normal adipose functionality)

Question 16

leprechaunism - donohue syndrome

Answer 16

rare autosomal recessive genetic trait

Question 17

leprechaunism developmental abnormalities

Answer 17

elfin facial appearance, growth retardation, absence of subcutaneous fat, decreased muscle mass

Question 18

rabson mendenhall syndrome symptom

Answer 18

acanthosis nigricans
fasting hypo due to hyperinsulinaemia
DKA

Question 19

DKA symptoms

Answer 19

vomiting, dehydration, increased heart rate, distinctive smell on breath

Question 20

where are ketone bodies formed

Answer 20

liver mitochondria (derived from acetyl-CoA, from beta oxidation of fats)

Question 21

where do ketone bodies diffuse into

Answer 21

bloodstream and peripheral tissues

Question 22

ketone bodies are important

Answer 22

molecules of energy metabolism for heart muscle and renal cortex

Question 23

how do ketone bodies metabolise

Answer 23

convert back to acetyl-coA which enters TCA cycle