week 1 Flashcards
normal healthy fasting blood sugar (mM)
4 - 6
beta , alpha, delta, pp cells secrete…
secrete: insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide
insulin lispro
ultrafast / ultra shorting acting insulin
insulin glargine
ultra long-acting insulin
glucose kinase
glucose sensor
what cell is the only cell in the body that makes and secretes insulin
beta (used as marker of beta cell) , shoudl only do this in response to blood glucose rising above 5mM
why are there two phases in insulin secretion
biphasic - likely due to downregulation of sensing process
how is pharmacological regulation of secretion process possible?
sulphonylurea drug mimics action of ATP to depolarise beta cells
definitive sub-diagnosis of T1D
requires specific autoantibodies combined with C-peptide production
why does T2D usually present with hyperinsulinemia
beta cells try to compensate for hyperglycaemia caused by insulin resistance
gestational diabetes (GDM)
FBG > 5.5
maturity onset diabetes of young (MODY)
monogenic disease with common clinical features to type 1 and 2. Beta cell dysfunction
neonatal diabetes
rare form of monogenic diabetes, mostly caused by mutations in glucose sensing mechanism
insulin resistance
occurs primarily through reduced insulin sensing and/or signalling
other than obesity what else associated with insulin resistance
near complete absence of adipose, (normal adipose functionality)
leprechaunism - donohue syndrome
rare autosomal recessive genetic trait
leprechaunism developmental abnormalities
elfin facial appearance, growth retardation, absence of subcutaneous fat, decreased muscle mass
rabson mendenhall syndrome symptom
acanthosis nigricans
fasting hypo due to hyperinsulinaemia
DKA
DKA symptoms
vomiting, dehydration, increased heart rate, distinctive smell on breath
where are ketone bodies formed
liver mitochondria (derived from acetyl-CoA, from beta oxidation of fats)
where do ketone bodies diffuse into
bloodstream and peripheral tissues
ketone bodies are important
molecules of energy metabolism for heart muscle and renal cortex
how do ketone bodies metabolise
convert back to acetyl-coA which enters TCA cycle