Week 1

Question 1

is the actual bone in osteoporosis normal

Answer 1

yes, there’s just not enough of it

Question 2

osteopenia vs osteoporosis values

Answer 2

osteopenia = 1-2.5 SD below mean peak bone mass
osteoporosis >2.5 SD below mean peak bone mass

Question 3

causes of osteoporosis

Answer 3

idiopathic, post-menopausal, senile (old age)

Question 4

secondary osteoporosis

Answer 4

cushings, hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, GI disorders, vit C and D deficiencies, alcohol, corticosteroids, immobilisation

Question 5

when is peak bone mass?

Answer 5

young adulthood

Question 6

age related changes in bone mass/osteoporosis

Answer 6

reduced proliferative and biosynthetic capacity of osteoblasts.
response to growth factors reduced

Question 7

osteoclasts

Answer 7

responsible for bone resorption (breakdown)

Question 8

osteoblasts

Answer 8

responsible for bone formation

Question 9

most common cause of osteomalacia

Answer 9

vitamin D deficiency

Question 10

characteristic histological finding of osteomalacia

Answer 10

very prominent thick osteoid seams (failure of mineralisation of the bone)

Question 11

avascular necrosis can be asymptomatic, true or false

Answer 11

true

Question 12

what can cause avascular necrosis?

Answer 12

fractures, alcohol, corticosteroids, damage to blood vessels, more.

Question 13

which arthritis are patients at risk of getting secondary to avascular necrosis

Answer 13

osteoarthritis

Question 14

what is PTH

Answer 14

parathyroid hormone

Question 15

what does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

Answer 15

activates osteoclasts –> increased bone resorption; releases calcium. so basically stimulates release of calcium from the bones into the bloodstream.
increased resorption of calcium by renal tubules.
increased urinary phosphate excretion.
increased synthesis of active forms of vit D
elevates serum calcium.

Question 16

What is Paget’s disease of bone

Answer 16

abnormality of bone turnover

Question 17

5-10% of patients with paget’s disease have mutations of which gene

Answer 17

SQSTM1/p62

Question 18

3 stages of pagets

Answer 18

1. osteolytic
2. mixed (osteoclasis and osteoblastic activity)
3. osteosclerotic

Question 19

what disease can you see blue reversal lines/mosaic pattern on histology

Answer 19

pagets disease

Question 20

what does avascular necrosis often involve

Answer 20

femoral head

Question 21

4 processes in the physiology of pain

Answer 21

transduction, transmission, modulation, perception

Question 22

what are nociceptors

Answer 22

pain receptors. primary sensory afferent neurones.

Question 23

two types of nociceptor fibres

Answer 23

A-delta, c-fibres

Question 24

A-delta fibres

Answer 24

myelinated. first, fast, stabbing pain.

Question 25

c-fibres

Answer 25

unmyelinated. slow, second pain

Question 26

pain mechanisms

Answer 26

nociceptive, inflammatory, pathological (neuropathic and dysfunctional)

Question 27

is nociceptive pain adaptive

Answer 27

yes

Question 28

is inflammatory adaptive

Answer 28

yes

Question 29

what does hyperalgesia mean

Answer 29

heightened pain sensitivity to noxious stimuli

Question 30

what does allodynia mean

Answer 30

heightened pain sensitivity to unharmful things

Question 31

what is neuropathic pain caused by

Answer 31

damage to neural tissue

Question 32

what can neuropathic pain perceived as

Answer 32

burning, shooting, numbness

Question 33

dysfunctional pain

Answer 33

no identifiable damage or inflammation

Question 34

dysfunctional pain examples

Answer 34

fibromyalgia, IBS, tension headache

Question 35

simple analgesics are effective in pathological pain (neuropathic or dysfunctional), true or false

Answer 35

false. instead, pathological pain can be treated with other things such as anti-depressants.

Question 36

what is referred pain caused by

Answer 36

convergence of nociceptive visceral and skin afferents upon the same spinothalamic neurons at the same spinal level

Question 37

where can cardiac pain refer to

Answer 37

left arm, jaw

Question 38

where can gallbladder pain refer to

Answer 38

right shoulder

Question 39

where can diaphragm/lung pain refer to

Answer 39

left shoulder

Question 40

where can liver pain refer to

Answer 40

right side of neck

Question 41

chemical synapses: the presynaptic action potential arrives via what?

Answer 41

voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels

Question 42

what causes exocytosis of synaptic vesicles (in chemical synapses)

Answer 42

increase in calcium

Question 43

what does the neuromuscular junction bridge?

Answer 43

spinal motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fibre

Question 43

what does the neuromuscular junction bridge?

Answer 43

spinal motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fibre

Question 44

where do all the key events of neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction begin

Answer 44

synaptic bouton

Question 45

what type of cell is the interface between the spinal motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fibre covered in?

Answer 45

Schwann cells

Question 46

which type of cholinoceptors are found at the NMJ

Answer 46

nicotinic

Question 47

what is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 47

calcium