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MSK > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

is the actual bone in osteoporosis normal

A

yes, there’s just not enough of it

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2
Q

osteopenia vs osteoporosis values

A

osteopenia = 1-2.5 SD below mean peak bone mass
osteoporosis >2.5 SD below mean peak bone mass

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3
Q

causes of osteoporosis

A

idiopathic, post-menopausal, senile (old age)

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4
Q

secondary osteoporosis

A

cushings, hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, GI disorders, vit C and D deficiencies, alcohol, corticosteroids, immobilisation

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5
Q

when is peak bone mass?

A

young adulthood

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6
Q

age related changes in bone mass/osteoporosis

A

reduced proliferative and biosynthetic capacity of osteoblasts.
response to growth factors reduced

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7
Q

osteoclasts

A

responsible for bone resorption (breakdown)

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8
Q

osteoblasts

A

responsible for bone formation

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9
Q

most common cause of osteomalacia

A

vitamin D deficiency

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10
Q

characteristic histological finding of osteomalacia

A

very prominent thick osteoid seams (failure of mineralisation of the bone)

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11
Q

avascular necrosis can be asymptomatic, true or false

A

true

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12
Q

what can cause avascular necrosis?

A

fractures, alcohol, corticosteroids, damage to blood vessels, more.

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13
Q

which arthritis are patients at risk of getting secondary to avascular necrosis

A

osteoarthritis

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14
Q

what is PTH

A

parathyroid hormone

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15
Q

what does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

A

activates osteoclasts –> increased bone resorption; releases calcium. so basically stimulates release of calcium from the bones into the bloodstream.
increased resorption of calcium by renal tubules.
increased urinary phosphate excretion.
increased synthesis of active forms of vit D
elevates serum calcium.

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16
Q

What is Paget’s disease of bone

A

abnormality of bone turnover

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17
Q

5-10% of patients with paget’s disease have mutations of which gene

A

SQSTM1/p62

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18
Q

3 stages of pagets

A
  1. osteolytic
  2. mixed (osteoclasis and osteoblastic activity)
  3. osteosclerotic
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19
Q

what disease can you see blue reversal lines/mosaic pattern on histology

A

pagets disease

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20
Q

what does avascular necrosis often involve

A

femoral head

21
Q

4 processes in the physiology of pain

A

transduction, transmission, modulation, perception

22
Q

what are nociceptors

A

pain receptors. primary sensory afferent neurones.

23
Q

two types of nociceptor fibres

A

A-delta, c-fibres

24
Q

A-delta fibres

A

myelinated. first, fast, stabbing pain.

25
Q

c-fibres

A

unmyelinated. slow, second pain

26
Q

pain mechanisms

A

nociceptive, inflammatory, pathological (neuropathic and dysfunctional)

27
Q

is nociceptive pain adaptive

A

yes

28
Q

is inflammatory adaptive

A

yes

29
Q

what does hyperalgesia mean

A

heightened pain sensitivity to noxious stimuli

30
Q

what does allodynia mean

A

heightened pain sensitivity to unharmful things

31
Q

what is neuropathic pain caused by

A

damage to neural tissue

32
Q

what can neuropathic pain perceived as

A

burning, shooting, numbness

33
Q

dysfunctional pain

A

no identifiable damage or inflammation

34
Q

dysfunctional pain examples

A

fibromyalgia, IBS, tension headache

35
Q

simple analgesics are effective in pathological pain (neuropathic or dysfunctional), true or false

A

false. instead, pathological pain can be treated with other things such as anti-depressants.

36
Q

what is referred pain caused by

A

convergence of nociceptive visceral and skin afferents upon the same spinothalamic neurons at the same spinal level

37
Q

where can cardiac pain refer to

A

left arm, jaw

38
Q

where can gallbladder pain refer to

A

right shoulder

39
Q

where can diaphragm/lung pain refer to

A

left shoulder

40
Q

where can liver pain refer to

A

right side of neck

41
Q

chemical synapses: the presynaptic action potential arrives via what?

A

voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels

42
Q

what causes exocytosis of synaptic vesicles (in chemical synapses)

A

increase in calcium

43
Q

what does the neuromuscular junction bridge?

A

spinal motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fibre

43
Q

what does the neuromuscular junction bridge?

A

spinal motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fibre

44
Q

where do all the key events of neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction begin

A

synaptic bouton

45
Q

what type of cell is the interface between the spinal motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fibre covered in?

A

Schwann cells

46
Q

which type of cholinoceptors are found at the NMJ

A

nicotinic

47
Q

what is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

calcium

MSK (9 decks)

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