Week 03

Question 1

_____: increased number of fibres in series related with increased in velocity of contraction (additive)

Answer 1

Series

Question 2

_____: increased number of fibres in parallel associated with increase in force production

Answer 2

Parallel

Question 3

_______: allows for more packing of sarcomeres in parallel (most muscles)

Answer 3

Pennation angle

Question 4

When gene expression is altered in the cell, it results in an increase or decrease in the amount of…?

Answer 4

Specific proteins

Question 5

______ is defined as the capacity for adaptive change in the cell

Answer 5

plasticity

Question 6

Approx ___ % of skeletal muscle is composed of proteins (balance being water, salts, other organic molecules)

Answer 6

20%

Question 7

Myoplasticity is predicted on the ability of genetic machine to change either _____ or ____ of protein it expresses for a desired outcome

Answer 7

quantity or variant

Question 8

Hyperplasia refers to…?

Answer 8

an increased number of muscle cells

Question 9

Is there evidence of hyperplasia in humans from training?

Answer 9

Little evidence, more in animals

Question 10

hypertrophy refers to….?

Answer 10

making the fibre larger

Question 11

Hypertrophy vs hyperplasia??

Answer 11

Hyperplasia = fibre same size, but fibre number increases
Hypertrophy = individual fibre larger

Question 12

Cell prescription refers to…

Answer 12

DNA to mRNA

Question 13

Cell translated refers to…

Answer 13

mRNA to protein

Question 14

Cell degradation refers to…

Answer 14

protein to amino acids

Question 15

The level of any protein in a muscle is proportional to …?

Answer 15

The rate of synthesis relative to the rate of degradation

Question 16

The goal for hypertrophy is for….?

Answer 16

For synthesis to exceed degradation and lead to protein accretion within the muscle over time

Question 17

What is the function of protein kinase?

Answer 17

It modifies other proteins via phosphorylation

Question 18

Myostatin regulates _______

Answer 18

hypertrophy

Question 19

Myostatin deficiency or knockout can lead to increase ….?

Answer 19

increase muscle mass via not negatively regulating protein synthesis

Question 20

What are 3 possible candidates for metabolic stress?

Answer 20

1. lactate buildup
2. a ketoglutarate
3. skeletal muscle protein breakdown

Question 21

Just applying _____ to muscle is enough to cause protein synthesis.

Answer 21

tension

Question 22

How does the cell infer tension? (2)

Answer 22

1. Membrane mechanisms (sarcolemma - phosphatidic acid)

2. Tensor sensors (costameres - connect Z disk to extracellular matrix, & focal adhesion kinase)

Question 23

HYPERTROPHY: The addition of ___________ and performance of resistance exercise increases protein synthesis

Answer 23

amino acids

Question 24

HYPERTROPHY: The ability of amino acids and loading to increase protein synthesis is dependent on a permissive level of …???

Answer 24

hormone activity

Question 25

Acute elevations in anabolic hormones have ____ predictive significance to hypertrophy

Answer 25

No

Question 26

Rt elicits hypertrophy for what fibre types?

Answer 26

All fibre types

Question 27

Myostatin function…?

Answer 27

Negatively affects protein turnover and therefore muscle hypertrophy (limits muscle growths if body believes it isn’t needed)

Question 28

Why do you get such a major DOMS when first exercise or RT after a break?

Answer 28

Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy (fluid in cell that makes it seem larger, not myofibrillar hypertrophy)

Question 29

Does increase in testosterone have a correlation with increase in muscle fibre/hypertrophy?

Answer 29

No

Question 30

Does increase in igf-1 have a correlation with increase in muscle fibre/hypertrophy?

Answer 30

No

Question 31

Does increase in growth hormone have a correlation with increase in muscle fibre/hypertrophy?

Answer 31

Maybe very, very slight

Question 32

Hypoxic decreases muscle loss by….

Answer 32

decreases blood flow to muscle (esp. post surgery)