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STEP 1 > Wednesday > Flashcards

Wednesday Flashcards

1
Q

What neurotransmitters are altered in Huntington’s Disease?

A
  • Increased
    • DA
  • Decreased
    • ACh
    • GABA
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2
Q

What is the treatment for dry age-related macular degeneration?

A

Smoking cessation

Antioxidant supplements

(FA: multivitamin)

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3
Q

What drug classes are used as first line agents in the treatment of glaucoma?

A
  • Beta-blockers
    • Decrease aqueous humor synthesis
  • Prostaglandins (Latanoprost)
    • Increase outflow of aqueous humor
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4
Q

What is the MOA of Thalidomide?

A

Inhibits TNF-alpha

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5
Q

Which spinal tracts contain alternate routes of voluntary movement?

A
  • Reticulospinal
  • Rubrospinal
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6
Q

Which spinal tract is important for postural adjustments and head movements?

A

Vestibulospinal tract

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7
Q

Which spinal tract conveys voluntary motor command from the motor cortex to the head and neck?

A

Corticobulbar Tract

(Body = L and V Corticospinal tracts

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8
Q

What intranuclear inclusions are seen in Herpes Simplex encephalitis?

A

Cowdry type A inclusions

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9
Q

What cytoplasmic inclusions are pathognomonic for Rabies?

A

Negri Bodies

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10
Q

What neuronal inclusions are characteristic of Parkinson’s?

A

Lewy Bodies

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11
Q

What Cytoplasmic inclusions are associated with aging?

A

Lipofuscin granules

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12
Q

What are the eosinophilic, rod-like inclusions in the hippocampus of Alzheimer’s patients?

A

Hirano Bodies

_H_ippocampus = _H_irano bodies

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13
Q

What inclusion is diagnostic of Alzheimer’s?

A

Neurofibrillary plaques and tangles

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14
Q

What filamentous inclusions stain with silver and do not survive neuronal death?

A

Pick Bodies

“you use a pick to mine for silver”

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15
Q

What filamentous inclusions stain with PAS and Ubiquitin?

A

Lewy Bodies

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16
Q

Dementia plus Visual Hallucinations

A

Lewy Body Dementia

  • Dementia
  • Visual Hallucinations
  • Syncopal Episodes
  • Parkinsonian features
  • alpha-synuclein defect
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17
Q

Dementia plus Progressive Aphagia

A

Frontotemporal Dementia (Pick Disease)

  • Dementia
  • Progressive Aphagia
  • Uninhibited Social Behavior
  • Pick bodies
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18
Q

Dementia plus Ataxia and Loss of pupillary light reflex

A

Neurosyphilis

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19
Q

Dementia plus Megaloblastic anemia and Peripheral Neuropathy

A

Vit B12 defeciency

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20
Q

Dementia plus Resting Tremor and Bradykinesia

A

Parkinson’s

or

Lewy Body Dementia

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21
Q

Dementia plus Uninhibited Social Behavior

A

Frontotemporal Dementia (Pick Disease)

  • Dementia
  • Progressive Aphagia
  • Uninhibited Social Behavior
  • Pick bodies
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22
Q

Dementia plus Urinary Incontinence and Ataxic gait

A

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

“Wet, Wobbly, Wacky”

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23
Q

Dementia plus Syncopal Episodes

A

Lewy Body Dementia

  • Dementia
  • Visual Hallucinations
  • Syncopal Episodes
  • Parkinsonian features
  • alpha-synuclein defect
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24
Q

Dementia plus Dysarthria and Liver Disease

A

Wilson Disease

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25
Q

Dementia plus Myoclonus

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

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26
Q

Which Bacteria are obligate intracellular pathogens?

A

“Really Loves Cytoplasm”

  • Rickettsia
  • Legionella
  • Chlamydia
27
Q

What enzymes do obligate anaerobes lack?

A

Catalase and/or Superoxide Dismutase

  • “anaerobes Can’t Breathe Air”
    • Clostridium
    • Bacteroides
    • Actinomyces
28
Q

Which Mycobacterium species causes leprosy?

A

M. leprae

29
Q

Which Microbacterium species causes pulmonary TB-like symptoms in COPD patients?

A

M. kansasii

30
Q

Which Mycobacterium species causes cervical lymphadenitis in children?

A

M. scrofulaceum

31
Q

Which Mycobacterium species causes a disseminated disease in AIDS patients?

A

M. avium intracellulare

32
Q

Which Mycobacterium species causes hand infection from aquarium exposure?

A

M. marinum

33
Q

What are the obligate aerobic bacteria?

A

“Nagging Pests Must Breath”

  • Nocardia
  • Pseudomonas
  • M**yco**B​acterium tuburculosis
34
Q

What are the monocyte-derived cells of the joints?

A

Type A synovial cells

35
Q

In what disease would you find Anti-mitochondrial Ab?

A

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis

36
Q

In what disease would you find anti-centromere Ab?

A

CREST scleroderma

C = Centromere, CREST

37
Q

What is the female homologue to the corpus spongiosum?

A

Vestibular bulbs

38
Q

What is the female homolog to the ventral shaft of the penis?

A

Labia Minora

39
Q

What is the use of Cyproheptadine?

A

Antihistamine

Appetite Stimulant

40
Q

For what is Promethazine used?

A

Antihistamine

Nausea and vomiting

41
Q

For what is Chlorpheniramine used?

A

OTC allergy/cold

42
Q

For what is Hydroxyzine used?

A

Anti-histamine

Sedation, itching

43
Q

For what is Meclizine used?

A

Anti-histamine

Vertigo

44
Q

Actions of what drug is blocked by methylxanthines such as theophylline?

A

Adenosine

45
Q

What is the most common salivary gland tumor?

A

Pleomorphic adenoma

  • Benign
  • Histo
    • Chondromyxoid stroma and epithelium
  • S/s
    • Painless, mobile mass
  • Recurs if not completely excised
46
Q

What is Homan sign?

A

Calf pain on dorsiflexion of the foot

Sign of DVT

47
Q

What lung pathology is associated with bilateral hilar adenopathy and uveitis?

A

Sarcoidosis

48
Q

What lung pathology is associated with “Honeycomb Lung” on x-ray?

A

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

49
Q

What lung pathology is associated with “tennis racket”-shaped cytoplasmic organelles? What are these organelles called?

A

Langerhans Cell Histeocytosis

Birbeck Granules

50
Q

What classic infections are associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome?

A
  • Campylobacter jejuni (most important)
  • CMV

Also

  • HBV
  • HIV
  • Mycoplasma pneumonia
51
Q

What CD marker is found on all NK cells and binds the constant region of IgG?

A

CD16

52
Q

What CD markers inhibit complement C9 binding?

A

CD55 and CD59

53
Q

What CD marker is an exotoxin receptor found on macrophages?

A

CD14

54
Q

What are the most common locations of lung cancer metastasis?

A
  • Adrenals
  • Bone
  • Brain
  • Liver
55
Q

Exposure to what substances put a coal miner at risk of bronchogenic lung cancer?

A

Radon

Silica

56
Q

Which lysosomal storage disease causes accumulation of dermatin sulfate?

A

Hurlers Syndrome

Hunters Syndrome

57
Q

Which lysosomal storage disease causes deficiency in hexosaminidase?

A

Tay Sachs

58
Q

What are the causes of Typical Pneumonia?

A
  • Typical:
    • Bad symptoms
    • Productive cough w/ purulent sputum
    • X-ray: lobar, white-out of area
  • Causes
    • S. pneumoniae**
    • S. aureus
    • H. influenza
    • Group B strep
59
Q

What are the causes of Atypical Pneumonia?

A
  • Atypical
    • Nonproductive cough
    • Mild
    • “walking pneumonia”
    • x-ray: diffuse, patchy
  • Causes:
    • Mycoplasma pneumonia**
    • Legionella pneumophila
    • Chlamydophilia pneumoniae
60
Q

Which immunosuppressant is an Ab that binds to CD3 on T cells?

A

Muromumab

61
Q

Which immunosuppressant is an Ab that binds IL-2 receptor on activated T cells?

A

Daclizumab

62
Q

Which immunosuppressant inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase?

A

Mycofenolate mofetil

63
Q

Which immunosuppressants inhibit calcineurin, leading to loss of IL-2 production and blockage of T cell differentiation and activation?

A

Cyclosporin

Tacrolimus

STEP 1 (16 decks)

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