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STEP 1 > Thursday > Flashcards

Thursday Flashcards

1
Q

What 5 classes of medications are used to treat glaucoma?

A
  • alpha agonists
  • beta blockers
  • Prostaglandins (F2-alpha)
  • Diuretics
    • Acetazolamide, Loop
  • Cholinomimetics
    • Pilocarpine, physostigmine
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2
Q

What nerve is damaged in a patient who presents with loss of forearm pronation?

A

Median nerve

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3
Q

What nerve is damaged in a patient who presents with weak external rotation of arm?

A

Suprascapular n.

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4
Q

What nerve is damaged in a patient who presents with loss of wrist extention?

A

Radial n.

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5
Q

What treatments are used to treat Crohn’s Disease?

A
  • 5-ASA agents (Sulfasalazine)
    • initial therapy
    • anti-inflammatory
  • Azathioprine
    • Anti-inflammatory
  • Anti-TNF agents
    • infliximab
    • adalimumab
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6
Q

What is the treatment for Diverticulitis?

A

Metronidazole (Covers anaerobes)

+

TMP-SMX or Fluoroquinolone

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7
Q

What is the treatment for most Chlamydia and Chlamydophila species infections?

A

Azithromycin (preferred)

Doxycycline

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8
Q

What infections are caused by Chlamydia and Chlamydophilia species?

A
  • C. trachomatis:
    • PID
    • Urethritis
    • Follicular conjunctivities
    • Reactive Arthritis
  • C. pneumoniae and C. psittaci
    • Atypical Pneumonia
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9
Q

Which bacteria are known for forming spores?

A
  • Bacillus
    • anthracis
    • cereus
  • Clostridium
    • perfringens
    • difficil
    • tetani
    • botulinum
  • Coxiella burnetii
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10
Q

What cocktail of medications is commonly taken by patients suffering from severe cirrhosis?

A
  • Diuretics
  • Beta-blockers
    • Propanolol or nadalol
  • Vitamin K
    • Promote coagulation
  • Lactulose
    • Treat encephalopathy
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11
Q

What is the function of MacConkey’s agar?

A
  1. Isolate gram (-) organisms
  2. Determine lactose fermenters
    • fermentation = pink
    • none = white
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12
Q

To which lymph nodes does the rectum drain?

A

Internal Iliac

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13
Q

What are the possible causes of increased Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)?

A
  • Obstructive Hepatobiliary Disease
  • HCC
  • Bone disease
    • Paget’s
    • Cancer
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14
Q

What are the possible causes of increased serum amylase?

A
  • Acute pancreatitis
  • Mumps
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15
Q

What are the possible causes of decreased ceruloplasmin?

A

Wilson Disease

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16
Q

What are the possible casues of increased gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)?

A
  • Liver disease
  • Biliary disease
  • Alcohol use
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17
Q

What are the possible causes on increased serum lipase?

A

Acute pancreatitis

18
Q

How can you whether ascites is caused by right heart failure or Budd-Chiari syndrome?

A
  • R-HF
    • jugular venous distention
  • Budd-Chiari
    • no JVD
19
Q

What is the treatment for Wilson Disease?

A

Penicillamine

“Think of pennies, which are made of copper”

20
Q

What is the treatment for hemochromatosis?

A

Phlebotomy

Deferoxamine (chelator)

Deferasirox

“-fer-“

21
Q

What are the levels of copper and ceruloplasmin in Wilson Disease?

A

Increased copper

Decreased Ceruloplasmin

(Disease = failure of copper to enter circulation as ceruloplasmin)

22
Q

What are the levels of the following in hemachromatosis?

  • Ferritin
  • Iron
  • TIBC
  • Transferrin saturation
A
  • Ferritin = increased
  • Iron = increased
  • TIBC = decreased
  • Transferrin saturation = increased
23
Q

Which Abs are present in type I Autoimmune hepatitis?

A
  • ANA
  • anti-smooth muscle Ab
24
Q

Which Abs are present in Type II Autoimmune Hepatitis?

A
  • Anti-liver-kidney microsomal Ab
  • Anti-liver cytosol Ab
25
Q

What excitatory neurotransmitter is involved in pain?

A

Substance P

“P for Pain”

26
Q

What disorder is associated with anti-endomysial Abs?

A

Celiac

(aka anti-tissue transglutaminase ab)

27
Q

Which immune deficiency causes anaphylaxis to blood products with IgA?

A

Selective IgA deficiency

28
Q

Which immune deficiency causes coarse facial features, abscesses, and eczema?

A

Hyper-IgE Syndome

aka Job Syndrome

Pay attention to abscesses!

29
Q

Which immune deficiency causes thrombocytopenia, purpura, infections, and eczema?

A

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome

B and T Cell deficiency

“WAITER”

  • Wiskott
  • Aldrich
  • Immunodeficiency
  • Thrombocytopenia and purpura
  • Eczema
  • Recurrent pyogenic infections
30
Q

Which immune deficiency causes delayed separation of the umbilicus?

A

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency

31
Q

Which immune deficiency causes neuro defects, partial albinism, and recurrent infections?

A

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

32
Q

What is the classic triad of symptoms in MS?

A

“SIN”

  • Scanning speech
  • Intention tremor
    • also: Incontinence and Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
  • Nystagmus
33
Q

What embryologic structures form the diaphragm?

A
  • Septum transversum
  • Pleuroperitoneal membranes
  • Dorsal Mesentery of Esophagus
  • Abdominal wall
34
Q

What nerve is most at risk of injury with supracondylar humerus fracture?

A

Median Nerve

35
Q

Which nerve and which artery are most at risk for being damaged with a midshaft break of the humerus?

A

Radial Nerve

Deep Brachial Artery

36
Q

What are the treatment options for Pulmonary Hypertension?

A
  • -sentans
    • Bosentan
    • antagonize endothelin-1 receptors, leading to vasodilation (decreased resistance)
  • Prostaglandin agonists
    • dilate vessels
  • Dihydropyradine CCB:
    • Nifedipine
  • Sildenafil
    • phosphodiesterase inhibitor
37
Q

What information is relayed via the ventral posterior lateral thalamus?

A

Somatosensation from the body

Ventral posterior = sensation

VPM = Face (Makeup goes on the Face)

38
Q

What info is relayed via the Ventral posterior medial thalamic nucleus?

A

Somatosensation from the face

Ventral posterior = sensation

VPM = Face (Makeup goes on the Face)

39
Q

What info is relayed via the Ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Info from basal ganglia to cortex

40
Q
A

STEP 1 (16 decks)

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