Thursday Flashcards
What 5 classes of medications are used to treat glaucoma?
- alpha agonists
- beta blockers
- Prostaglandins (F2-alpha)
- Diuretics
- Acetazolamide, Loop
- Cholinomimetics
- Pilocarpine, physostigmine
What nerve is damaged in a patient who presents with loss of forearm pronation?
Median nerve
What nerve is damaged in a patient who presents with weak external rotation of arm?
Suprascapular n.
What nerve is damaged in a patient who presents with loss of wrist extention?
Radial n.
What treatments are used to treat Crohn’s Disease?
- 5-ASA agents (Sulfasalazine)
- initial therapy
- anti-inflammatory
- Azathioprine
- Anti-inflammatory
- Anti-TNF agents
- infliximab
- adalimumab
What is the treatment for Diverticulitis?
Metronidazole (Covers anaerobes)
+
TMP-SMX or Fluoroquinolone
What is the treatment for most Chlamydia and Chlamydophila species infections?
Azithromycin (preferred)
Doxycycline
What infections are caused by Chlamydia and Chlamydophilia species?
- C. trachomatis:
- PID
- Urethritis
- Follicular conjunctivities
- Reactive Arthritis
- C. pneumoniae and C. psittaci
- Atypical Pneumonia
Which bacteria are known for forming spores?
- Bacillus
- anthracis
- cereus
- Clostridium
- perfringens
- difficil
- tetani
- botulinum
- Coxiella burnetii
What cocktail of medications is commonly taken by patients suffering from severe cirrhosis?
- Diuretics
- Beta-blockers
- Propanolol or nadalol
- Vitamin K
- Promote coagulation
- Lactulose
- Treat encephalopathy
What is the function of MacConkey’s agar?
- Isolate gram (-) organisms
- Determine lactose fermenters
- fermentation = pink
- none = white
To which lymph nodes does the rectum drain?
Internal Iliac
What are the possible causes of increased Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)?
- Obstructive Hepatobiliary Disease
- HCC
- Bone disease
- Paget’s
- Cancer
What are the possible causes of increased serum amylase?
- Acute pancreatitis
- Mumps
What are the possible causes of decreased ceruloplasmin?
Wilson Disease
What are the possible casues of increased gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)?
- Liver disease
- Biliary disease
- Alcohol use
What are the possible causes on increased serum lipase?
Acute pancreatitis
How can you whether ascites is caused by right heart failure or Budd-Chiari syndrome?
- R-HF
- jugular venous distention
- Budd-Chiari
- no JVD
What is the treatment for Wilson Disease?
Penicillamine
“Think of pennies, which are made of copper”
What is the treatment for hemochromatosis?
Phlebotomy
Deferoxamine (chelator)
Deferasirox
“-fer-“
What are the levels of copper and ceruloplasmin in Wilson Disease?
Increased copper
Decreased Ceruloplasmin
(Disease = failure of copper to enter circulation as ceruloplasmin)
What are the levels of the following in hemachromatosis?
- Ferritin
- Iron
- TIBC
- Transferrin saturation
- Ferritin = increased
- Iron = increased
- TIBC = decreased
- Transferrin saturation = increased
Which Abs are present in type I Autoimmune hepatitis?
- ANA
- anti-smooth muscle Ab
Which Abs are present in Type II Autoimmune Hepatitis?
- Anti-liver-kidney microsomal Ab
- Anti-liver cytosol Ab
What excitatory neurotransmitter is involved in pain?
Substance P
“P for Pain”
What disorder is associated with anti-endomysial Abs?
Celiac
(aka anti-tissue transglutaminase ab)
Which immune deficiency causes anaphylaxis to blood products with IgA?
Selective IgA deficiency
Which immune deficiency causes coarse facial features, abscesses, and eczema?
Hyper-IgE Syndome
aka Job Syndrome
Pay attention to abscesses!
Which immune deficiency causes thrombocytopenia, purpura, infections, and eczema?
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
B and T Cell deficiency
“WAITER”
- Wiskott
- Aldrich
- Immunodeficiency
- Thrombocytopenia and purpura
- Eczema
- Recurrent pyogenic infections
Which immune deficiency causes delayed separation of the umbilicus?
Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency
Which immune deficiency causes neuro defects, partial albinism, and recurrent infections?
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
What is the classic triad of symptoms in MS?
“SIN”
- Scanning speech
- Intention tremor
- also: Incontinence and Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
- Nystagmus
What embryologic structures form the diaphragm?
- Septum transversum
- Pleuroperitoneal membranes
- Dorsal Mesentery of Esophagus
- Abdominal wall
What nerve is most at risk of injury with supracondylar humerus fracture?
Median Nerve
Which nerve and which artery are most at risk for being damaged with a midshaft break of the humerus?
Radial Nerve
Deep Brachial Artery
What are the treatment options for Pulmonary Hypertension?
- -sentans
- Bosentan
- antagonize endothelin-1 receptors, leading to vasodilation (decreased resistance)
- Prostaglandin agonists
- dilate vessels
- Dihydropyradine CCB:
- Nifedipine
- Sildenafil
- phosphodiesterase inhibitor
What information is relayed via the ventral posterior lateral thalamus?
Somatosensation from the body
Ventral posterior = sensation
VPM = Face (Makeup goes on the Face)
What info is relayed via the Ventral posterior medial thalamic nucleus?
Somatosensation from the face
Ventral posterior = sensation
VPM = Face (Makeup goes on the Face)
What info is relayed via the Ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus?
Info from basal ganglia to cortex
