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Science Semester 2 > Weathering And Soil > Flashcards

Weathering And Soil Flashcards

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0
Q

Chemical or mechanical?

Pollutants dissolve in water

A

Chemical

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1
Q

Chemical or mechanical?

Rock and water grind other rock

A

Mechanical

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2
Q

Chemical or mechanical?

Animals burrow into soil

A

Mechanical

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3
Q

Chemical or mechanical?

Intense temperature causes rocks to expand

A

Mechanical

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4
Q

Chemical or mechanical?

Ice expands cracks in rock

A

Mechanical

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5
Q

Chemical or mechanical?

Molecules combine and form oxides

A

Chemical

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6
Q

Chemical or mechanical?

Plants cause rocks to crumble

A

Mechanical

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7
Q

Explain the effects of mechanical weathering

A

Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their chemical makeup

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8
Q

Explain the effects of chemical weathering

A

Changes the materials that are part of a rock into new material.

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9
Q

The mechanical and chemical processes that change objects on Earth’s surface over time

A

Weathering

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10
Q

Ice wedging is to mechanical weathering as _______ is to chemical weathering.

A

Oxidation

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11
Q

_________ is to increased surface area as chemical weathering is to changed minerals

A

Mechanical weathering

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12
Q

Weathering is to water and temperature as _______ is to physical, chemical, and biotic factors

A

Environment

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13
Q

Acid rain is to _____ as abrasion is to mechanical weathering

A

Chemical weathering

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14
Q

Chemical and mechanical are to _______ as rain and snow are to precipitation

A

Weathering

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15
Q

Weathering caused by grinding away at rock

A

Abrasion

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16
Q

What animals do that break down rock

A

Burrowing

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17
Q

The process that changes minerals into new minerals

A

Chemical weathering

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18
Q

Weathering caused by plants and animals

A

Crumbling

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19
Q

Rain with a pH of 4.5 or less

A

Acid rain

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20
Q

Weathering caused by water that freezes

A

Ice wedging

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21
Q

All the space on the surface plane of an object

A

Surface area

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22
Q

The product of oxidation

A

Oxide

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23
Q

A measure of acidity

A

pH

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24
Q

Anything with a pH between 0 and 7

A

Acid

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25
Q

The chemical and physical processes that change objects in Earth’s surface over time are called ________

A

Weathering

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26
Q

Over thousands of years, _______ breaks up rocks into smaller pieces.

A

Weathering

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27
Q

During _______, physical processes break rocks into smaller pieces.

A

Mechanical weathering

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28
Q

Mechanical weathering does not change the _________ of the rock

A

Chemical makeup

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29
Q

When mechanical weathering breaks a large rock into smaller pieces, the total _________ of the rock increases

A

Surface area

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30
Q

Between sandy and clay soils, ________ soil holds more water and nutrients because it consists of smaller particles that have more surface area

A

Clay

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31
Q

In _______, water enters cracks in rocks and freezes. Water ________ when it freezes and makes the cracks larger.

A

Ice wedging

Expands

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32
Q

Grinding rock away by friction or impact is called _______.

A

Abrasion

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33
Q

________ growing in a crack in a rock and animals burrowing through loose rock can cause mechanical weathering

A

Plants

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34
Q

During _______, the materials that make up rocks are changed into new materials.

A

Chemical weathering

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35
Q

Water is an important agent of _______ weathering because most substances ________ in water

A

Chemical

Dissolve

36
Q

A(n) _______ is a more powerful weathering agent than water.

A

Acid

37
Q

The measure of acidity is called _____

A

pH

38
Q

An acid has a pH less than ______

A

7

39
Q

Rain weathers rock because rain is slightly _______

A

Acidic

40
Q

_______ rain contains pollutants that make its pH less than 5.

A

Normal

41
Q

Oxygen combines with other elements or molecules during _______

A

Oxidation

42
Q

Most oxygen used in oxidation comes from the _____

A

Air

43
Q

The product of oxidation is a(n) _______

A

Oxide

44
Q

Oxides are useful because they form _______, which people use to obtain metals.

A

Ores

45
Q

The _______ part of a rock oxidizes the most because it has more contact with oxygen in the air

A

Outside

46
Q

Mechanical and chemical weathering depend on _____ and temperature

A

Water

47
Q

Mechanical weathering occurs fastest in areas that have a lot of ________ changes

A

Temperature

48
Q

Chemical weathering is fastest where the climate is warm and _______

A

Wet

49
Q

Overall, weathering occurs fastest in regions near the _______

A

Equator

50
Q

The type of ______ also affects how fast weathering occurs. The most easily weathered _______ in a rock determines how quickly the rock weathers.

A

Rock

Mineral

51
Q

The shape of the land

A

Topography

52
Q

The broken-down remains of dead plants and animals

A

Organic matter

53
Q

All the living things in an area

A

Biota

54
Q

The process that produces organic matter

A

Decomposition

55
Q

Mixture of weathered rock, rock fragments, decayed organic matter, water, and air

A

Soil

56
Q

The starting material that weathers and forms soil

A

Parent materiel

57
Q

A small space in the soil

A

Pore

58
Q

The average weather of an area

A

Climate

59
Q

Rock material broken down or dissolved in water

A

Sediment

60
Q

A layer of soil

A

Horizon

61
Q

_______ is a mixture of weathered rock, decayed organic matter, mineral fragments, water, and air

A

Soil

62
Q

About half the volume of soil is made of _____ materials

A

Solid

63
Q

Soil also contains water, other liquids, and ______

A

Gases

64
Q

In the soil, water and gases fill small holes called ______

A

Pores

65
Q

_______ can flow through soil because pores are present.

A

Water

66
Q

The movement of water through pores is called _______

A

Flow

67
Q

The solid part of soil once part of living organism is ________

A

Organic matter

68
Q

Organic matter forms when once-living material undergoes ________ by organisms in the soil

A

Decomposition

69
Q

Organic matter helps hold water and ________ in the soil

A

Minerals

70
Q

The ______ part of soil is made from materials, such as rock fragments, that have never been alive

A

Inorganic

71
Q

There are five ______ of soil formation

A

Factors

72
Q

The starting material of soil is called _______

A

Parent material

73
Q

Parent material is made of the rock or ________ that forms soil

A

Sediment

74
Q

The particle size and type of parent material can determine the _______ of the soil that develops

A

Properties

75
Q

_____ is the average weather of an area. Soil can form rapidly in _____, wet climate

A

Climate

Warm

76
Q

______ is the shape and steepness of the landscape

A

Topography

77
Q

The ______ is all the organisms that live in a region. Some biota in the soil form passages for ______ to move through

A

Biota

Water

78
Q

As time passes, weathering is constantly acting on _______ and sediment. Soil formation is a(n) ______ but slow process

A

Rock

Constant

79
Q

______ are the layers of soil formed from the product of weathering

A

Horizons

80
Q

There are _______ horizons common to most soils.

A

Three

81
Q

The _______ is the soil you are most likely to see when you dig a shallow hole; it contains most of the organic material

A

A-horizon

82
Q

The _______ usually contains a great deal of clay particles.

A

B-horizon

83
Q

The ______ consists of parent material

A

C-horizon

84
Q

The ______ of a soil determines the best use of the soil

A

pH

85
Q

Plants depend on the _____ that come from organic matter and the weathering of rocks

A

Nutrients

86
Q

There are _______ major soil types in the world

A

12

87
Q

Soil type partly depends on _______

A

Climate

Science Semester 2 (5 decks)

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