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Science Semester 2 > Mountains and Continents Building > Flashcards

Mountains and Continents Building Flashcards

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1
Q

Theory that Earth’s surface is broken into rigid moving plates

A

plate tectonics

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2
Q

equilibrium between continental crust and the denser mantle below it

A

isostasy

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3
Q

downward vertical motion of Earth’s surface

A

subsidence

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4
Q

upward vertical motion of Earth’s surface

A

uplift

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5
Q

the force action on a surface

A

stress

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6
Q

squeezing stress

A

compression

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7
Q

stress that pulls something apart

A

tension

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8
Q

parallel forces acting in opposite directions

A

shear

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9
Q

change in the shape of rock caused by stress

A

strain

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10
Q

does not permanently deform rock

A

elastic strain

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11
Q

causes a permanent change in the shape of a rock

A

plastic strain

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12
Q

rocks break rather than just changing shape

A

rock failure

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13
Q

a constant recycling of rock materials as new rocks are created and existing rocks are destroyed or changed

A

rock cycle

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14
Q

Mountains are gradually _____ through the actions of weathering and erosion

A

worn down

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15
Q

Mountain ranges are produced by _____

A

plate tectonics

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16
Q

Mountain and valleys form where tectonic plates _____

A

collide or converge

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17
Q

The rigid tectonic plates on Earth’s surface move horizontally because Earth’s upper mantle is _____

A

fluid

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18
Q

Continents rise above the seafloor because continental crust is made of rocks that are ______ than Earth’s mantle

A

less dense

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19
Q

A continent floats on top of the mantle because the mass of the continent is _____ the mass of the mantle it displaces

A

equal to

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20
Q

part of the continental crust sinks deeper into the mantle when the crust becomes ______

A

thicker

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21
Q

Rocks break or change shape at plate boundaries because motion of the plates exerts compression, tension, or _________

A

shear

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22
Q

Layers of rocks thicken and fold through _____ caused by converging tectonic plates

A

compression

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23
Q

rocks keep moving through the ______ through the forces of plate motion, uplift, and subsidence

A

rock cycle

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24
Q

_____ states Earth’s surface is made of a number of rigid ____ that move on top of the fluid upper mantle

A

Theory of plate tectonics

plates

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25
Q

____ and ___ form where plates collide, move away, or slide past each other

A

mountains and valleys

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26
Q

understand the _____ that act on Earth’s plates to understand how they can _____ to form mountains

A

forces

rise vertically

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27
Q

plates float on the surface of Earth’s _____ for similar reasons as icebergs float on the surface of __________

A

mantle

water

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28
Q

Plates are less _____ than the fluid rock of the mantle, and part of the continental crust floats above the surface of the ___________

A

dense

mantle

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29
Q

___________ displaces some of the mantle below it until equilibrium is reached which is called __________

A

continental crust

isostasy

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30
Q

If crust gets thicker it will ______ deeper into mantle, but mantle will push up on the thicker ______ until a(n) ______ is reached

A

sink
crust
balance

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31
Q

Weathering and ______ remove the top part of a mtn. Then the crust rises to maintain ________

A

erosion

isostasy

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32
Q

Mountain stops moving when mass of mountain equals mass of the ____ it displaces

A

mantle

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33
Q

20,000 years ago part of earth’s crust was covered by _____ which pushed down on crust forcing it to sink into the _____ in a process called _____

A

glaciers
mantle
subsidence

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34
Q

the melting of glaciers and draining of water upset the _____ balance, and crust started moving ___ in response in a process called ____

A

isostatic
upward
uplift

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35
Q

A force acting on a surface is called _____

A

stress

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36
Q

._______ occurs when stress acting on rocks causes the rocks to change shape.

A

strain

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37
Q

. In the upper crust, the rocks are_______, and forces cause the rocks here to ____ rather than to change shape.

A

more brittle

break

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38
Q

When strain breaks rocks rather than just changing their shape, it is called ______

A

failure

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39
Q

Fractures, or _____, form when rocks fail.

A

faults

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40
Q

Rocks are always moving through the ______ , both vertically and horizontally

A

rock cycle

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41
Q

Together, _____ motion, ________,

and subsidence keep rocks moving through the rock cycle.

A

plate

uplift

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42
Q

Uplift brings ______ and _______ rocks

from deep in the crust up to the surface, where erosion breaks down rocks into _____)___.

A

igneous

metamorphic

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43
Q

Buried sediment becomes _____ rocks, which with pressure and temperature eventually become ____ rocks.

A

sedimentary

metamorphic

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44
Q

______ takes all types of rocks deep into Earth, where they can melt and become new ____ or ______ rocks.

A

subduction
igneous
metamorphic

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45
Q

Weathering or _____ can remove all or part of a mtn

A

erosion

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46
Q

when plates _____ at a plate boundary a combination of folds faults and uplift create mtns

A

collide

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47
Q

mtns stop increasing in size when _____ at a convergent plate boundary stops increasing

A

compression

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48
Q

continents are continuously changing because Earth’s tectonic plates are always _____

A

moving

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49
Q

The Appalachian Mtns were created through a cycle of repeated ____ and rifting

A

collisions

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50
Q

The Appalachian Mtns are much ____ than the Rockies

A

older

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51
Q

_____ rocks that formed deep below the surface are exposed on the top of mtns as a result of erosion and uplift

A

Metamorphic

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52
Q

Rocks fold rather than fault when there is enough _____ or pressure

A

heay

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53
Q

the folds in folded mtns are _____ to the direction of the compression that created them

A

perpendicular

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54
Q

Fault-block mtns result when _____ stresses pull crust apart at faults

A

tension

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55
Q

uplifted mtns form when large regions _____ vertically with very little deformation

A

rise vertically

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56
Q

Granite in the Sierra Nevada mtns originally formed below Earth’s surface and was then _____ through erosion and uplift

A

exposed

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57
Q

Volcanic eruptions can build huge _____ when molten rock hardens on the surface after many repeated eruptions

A

mountains

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58
Q

This describes elevation in most continental interiors

A

a few hundred feet above sea level

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59
Q

Many rocks in continental interiors are of these types

A

old igneous and metamorphic

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60
Q

These add igneous rock and cause continents to increase in size

A

volcanic eruptions

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61
Q

These can create large plateaus

A

volcanic eruptions

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62
Q

These can collide and push fragments of one continent onto another

A

tectonic plates

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63
Q

This is an extensive area of level or rolling land

A

plain

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64
Q

These are located near the edges of continents

A

highest elevations

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65
Q

These are areas of subsidence and regions with low elevation

A

basins

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66
Q

These accumulate in basins

A

sediments

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67
Q

Most of our energy resources come from these areas

A

basins

68
Q

This is a flat region with high elevations

A

plateaus

69
Q
  1. Mountain ranges form ______ , and they ______

slowly, over millions of years.

A

slowly

change

70
Q

Because many different _____ occur to form the mountains,mountains are made up of many different kinds of _______.

A

plate collisions

rocks

71
Q

The processes of ______ and ______ can

carry away all or parts of mountains.

A

weathering

erosion

72
Q

When plates at a(n) ________ , a

combination of folding, faulting, and ______ form mountains.

A

plate boundary collide

uplift

73
Q

The ______ that originally brought the plates together can become ______ after many millions of years.

A

forces

inactive

74
Q

When the plate ______ is no longer active, one new _____ is formed from the two old continents.

A

boundary

continent

75
Q

With no ______ at a(n) ______ plate

boundary, the mountains stop growing.

A

compression

convergent

76
Q

The movement of Earth’s tectonic _______ causes the

_______ to always be changing.

A

plates

continents

77
Q

A(n) ______ plate boundary that forms on a continent often forms close to the place where two plates first _______ .

A

divergent

collided

78
Q

First a large split, or ______ , forms; as it grows, water flows into it, forming a(n) _______.

A

rift

ocean

79
Q

________ has rounded the peaks and lowered the elevations of

the Appalachian Mountains.

A

weathering

80
Q

As a mountain _______ , the root under it must rise to restore the balance between what is left of the mountain and how it floats on the ______.

A

erodes

mantle

81
Q

______ deep under continents rise slowly toward Earth’s

surface.

A

rocks

82
Q

b. In old mountain ranges,_______ rocks that formed deep below the surface are exposed on the top of ______ .

A

metamorphic

mountians

83
Q

Plate movements can change the ____ of rocks within a

mountain range.

A

position

84
Q

____ mountains are made of layers of rock that are folded

A

folded

85
Q

when ______ removes the upper part of the crust, ______ are exposed on the surface

A

erosion

folds

86
Q

the folds are _____to the direction of the force of _____ that created them

A

perpendicular

compression

87
Q

parallel ridges that form where blocks of crust move up along faults are called _____ mountains

A

fault-block

88
Q

if the ______ that caused the mountains to form pulled in an east-west direction, the mountains will form ridges oriented in the ______ direction

A

tension

same

89
Q

fault-block mountains have a high _____ next to a(n) ______; between these two landforms is a(n) ______ where the movement that caused the landforms occured

A

ridge
valley
fault

90
Q

_____ mountains form when large regions of land rise with very little deformation

A

uplifted

91
Q

one idea of how uplifted mountains form involves sinking _______ pulling the crust ______, which causes the crust near the surface to become compressed and thicker

A

mantle

and creates compression closer to the surface

92
Q

as the crust thickens the upper part of the crust rises to maintain _____; sometimes the crust rises high enough to create tall _____

A

isostasy

mtn ridges

93
Q

_____ are special kinds of mountains

A

volcanoes

94
Q

volcanic mountains form when molten rock _____ onto earth’s surface and _______

A

erupt

harden

95
Q

volcanic mountains that are ______ have not erupted in a long time, but they might ______ again someday

A

dormant

erupt

96
Q

in most continents, the higher elevations are located close to the ______ of the continent.

A

edges

97
Q

the lower, flat parts are located close to the ______ of the continent

A

interior

98
Q

there are few _______ in the interior of continents

A

mountains

99
Q

the interior parts of continents are formed of old ______ and ______ rocks and are the ______ parts of continents

A

igneous
metamorphic
middle

100
Q

the middle parts of the continents are ______ because millions or billions of years of ______ have worn the rocks smooth and level

A

smooth and flat

erosion

101
Q

continents can grow when _____erupt, adding ______ rock to the surface of the land

A

volcanoes

igneous

102
Q

continents can also grow when tectonic ______ carry _____, whole ______-, or continent fragments with them and add them to existing continents

A

plates
island arcs
continents

103
Q

when the moving plate that is carrying the piece of land reaches a(n) _______ at a(n) ______ boundary, the less _______ piece of land gets pushed onto the edges of the continent, causing the continent to ______

A

continent
convergent
dense
grow

104
Q

continents can change size and shape due to ______ and become smaller due to ______ and erosion

A

rifting

weathering

105
Q

rocks neat the center or in the interior of continents are usually flat, _____, very old, and very ______

A

stable

strong

106
Q

an extensive area of level or rolling land is called a(n) ________

A

plain

107
Q

in north america, most of the central area is called the ______

A

Interior Plains

108
Q

the ______ that form the interior plains came from smaller plates that _____ about 1 billion years ago

A

rocks

collided

109
Q

shallow ______ once covered these plains, and over millions of years, _____ and ______ have worn the plains so they are nearly flat

A

seas
weathering
erosion

110
Q

plate motion and ______ can cause places to sink, or _____

A

isostasy

rise

111
Q

____ are areas of subsidence and regions with low elevation

A

basins

112
Q

when sediments erode off of mountains, they often collect in ______

A

basins

113
Q

animal and plant remains can also get buried in basins and converted by pressure and heat over millions of years into oil, ______ gas, and ______

A

natural

coal

114
Q

therefore, ____ are often important places, economically, because they contain valuable ____ resources

A

basins

natural

115
Q

______ are flat regions with high elevation

A

plateaus

116
Q

______ causes some plateaus, such as the colorado plateau to form

A

uplift

117
Q

_____ of lava can also form large plateaus

A

eruption

118
Q

earth’s surface is constantly _______

A

changin

119
Q

mountains form and _____ away

A

erode

120
Q

______ grow, shift, and shrink

A

continents

121
Q

equilibrium between continental crust and the denser mantle below it

A

isostasy

122
Q

downward vertical motion of earth’s surface

A

subsidence

123
Q

upward vertical motion of earth’s surface

A

uplift

124
Q

squeezing stress

A

compression

125
Q

stress that pulls something apart

A

tension

126
Q

parallel forces acting in opposite directions

A

shear

127
Q

change in shape of rock caused by stress

A

strain

128
Q

deep, underwater troughs created by one plate subducting under another plate at a convergent plate boundary

A

ocean trenches

129
Q

curved line of volcanoes that forms parallel to a plate boundary

A

volcanic arc

130
Q

tectonic plates slide horizontally past each other, they form

A

transform faults

131
Q

area of many fractured pieces of crust along a large fault

A

fault zone

132
Q

made of layers of rocks that are folded

A

folded mountains

133
Q

parallel ridges that form where blocks of crust move up or down along faults

A

fault-block mountains

134
Q

when large regions rise vertically with very little deformation

A

uplifted mountains

135
Q

an extensive area of level or rolling land

A

plain

136
Q

area of subsidence and regions with low elevation

A

basins

137
Q

flat regions with high elevations

A

plateaus

138
Q

what is subsidence

A

downward vertical motion of earths surface

139
Q

what are the three forces that shape the earth

A

compression, shear, and tension

140
Q

what is isostasy

A

the equilibrium between continental crust and the denser mantle below it
balance between crust and mantle

141
Q

what is a volcanic arc

A

made by volcanoes

curved line of volcanoes that forms parallel to plate boundaries

142
Q

how are volcanic mtns formed

A

volcanoes erupt ash and lava build up to form a mtn

143
Q

what are sedimentary basins

A
  • Areas of subsidence and regions with lower ground.

- Gas, coal, and oil are found in sedimentary basins

144
Q

what is abrasion

A
  • It is the grinding away of rock or other surfaces as particles carried by wind, water, or ice scrape against them.
145
Q

dune

A

formed by wind
windblown deposit of sand
Over time, entire fields of dunes can travel across the land as wind continues to blow the sand.

146
Q

what is a transform zone

A

-fault that forms where tectonic plates slide horizontally past each other

147
Q

long shore current

A
  • A long shore current erodes and deposits large amounts of sediment along a shore line
  • Long shore currents transports the sand along ocean coasts
  • a current parallel to the shore
148
Q

flood plain

A

flat land next to body of water that can and will be flooded.

149
Q

loess

A

crumbly windblown deposit of sand, silt, and clay. rich in minerals

150
Q

earth’s crust, mantle, and core

A 
thickest to thinnest 
mantle core crust
densest to least dense
core mantle crust
inner core solid outer liquid
151
Q

oceanic crust

A

-Oceanic crust- The thin crust that underlies the oceans basins

152
Q

continental crust

A

-Continental crust- Thicker crust that the continents are made of.

153
Q

divergent plate

A

plates that move away from each other

154
Q

convergent plate

A

plates that move towards each other and collide

155
Q

subduction

A

When two plates collide, one can go under the other and be forced into the mantle in this process

156
Q

continental drift theory

A

theory that suggests that continents are in motion and were once all connected in a super continent called Pangea

157
Q

folds

A

folded mountain is a mountain made of rocks that are folded.

158
Q

faults

A

fault-block mountain is a parallel ridge that forms where blocks of crust move up or down along faults

159
Q

collisions and rifting

A

continents often collide

  • when a continents split apart, that is a rift
  • continents often break apart close to there they first collided
  • mountain ranges form when continents collide
160
Q

what are the different types of mtns

A

folded mtn
fault-block mtn
uplifted mtn
volcanic mtn

161
Q

what is a folded mtn

A

mountain made of layers of rocks that are folded

162
Q

what is a fault-block mtn

A

: Parallel ridge that forms where blocks of crust move up and down along faults.

163
Q

what is an uplifted mtn?

A

mountain that forms when large regions rise vertically with very little deformation

164
Q

what is an oceanic trench

A

A deep, underwater trough created by one plate subducting under another plate at a convergent boundary `

165
Q

what is a fault zone

A

:an area of many pieces of fractured crust along a fault line

Science Semester 2 (5 decks)

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