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Science Semester 2 > Test on Weathering, Erosion, Glaciers, etc. > Flashcards

Test on Weathering, Erosion, Glaciers, etc. Flashcards

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1
Q

A combination of constructive and destructive processes produce ________

A

landforms

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2
Q

__________ processes build up features on Earth’s surface

A

constructive

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3
Q

_______ processes tear down features on Earth’s surface.

A

destructive

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4
Q

_______ is the breakdown of rock

A

weathering

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5
Q

______ weathering breaks rock into pieces without changing the chemical composition of the rocks

A

physical

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6
Q

______ weathering alters the chemical composition of rock.

A

chemical

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7
Q

water, wind, and ice are ________, or causes, of weathering.

A

agents

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8
Q

A rock’s resistance to weathering is based on its _____ composition

A

mineral

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9
Q

_____ is the removal of weathered material from one location to another

A

erosion

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10
Q

The ______ of erosion can be affected by factors such as weather, climate, topography, and type of rock

A

rate

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11
Q

Erosion occurs _____ on barren land than on land covered with vegetation

A

faster

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12
Q

Agents of erosion can move smaller pieces of rock ______than they can move larger pieces of rock.

A

faster

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13
Q

The ________ a piece of rock is, the more its sharp edges have been broken off during erosion.

A

more rounded

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14
Q

If a pile of sediment erodes quickly, it is _______ likely to be well sorted than if the piles erodes slowly.

A

less

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15
Q

Running water, wind, glaciers, and gravity lay down sediments during _______

A

deposition

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16
Q

Deposition occurs as the agents of deposition slow down and ______ energy

A

lose

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17
Q

The location where sediment is deposited is called the ______

A

depositional environments

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18
Q

In a(n) _______-energy depositional environment, sediment is transported quickly

A

high

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19
Q

In a(n) ________-energy depositional environment, even small sediments get deposited

A

low

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20
Q

Sediments deposited in water usually form layers called ______

A

beds

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21
Q

Features such as structure, elevation, and rock exposure give clues about how a(n) _____ formed

A

landforms

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22
Q

Tall, jagged structures are usually formed by ______

A

erosion

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23
Q

Low or flat landforms are often formed by _____

A

deposition

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24
Q

At the base of a mountain slope, in a gentle valley, a stream will deposit an apron of sediment called a(n) _______

A

alluvial fan

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25
Q

A(n) ______ in the width or depth of a river channel can slow down the current and cause the river to deposit sediments.

A

increase

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26
Q

Deposition in a riverbed occurs where the speed of the water ______

A

slows

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27
Q

As glaciers melt, they can create deposits called eskers and _______

A

moraines

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28
Q

____ is the downhill movement of a large mass of rocks or soil because of the pull of gravity.

A

mass wasting

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29
Q

Mass wasting usually occurs on the side of a hill when the soil is _______

A

soaked with rainwater

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30
Q

Thick ______ on slopes can help prevent mass wasting.

A

vegetation

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31
Q

A(n) ______ is the rapid downhill movement of soil, loose rocks, and boulders

A

landslide

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32
Q

In landslides, such as mudslides and ______, soil moves in a large mass

A

rockfalls

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33
Q

Erosion is most destructive when a landslide occurs on a(n) _____ slope

A

steep

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34
Q

Erosion due to mass wasting continues as long as the force of _______ is greater than other forces holding rock and soil in place

A

gravity

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35
Q

The material from a(n) ______ eventually comes to rest, usually in a flat place

A

mass wasting event

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36
Q

_____ is a pile of angular rocks and sediment from a rockfall

A

Talus

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37
Q

Building on a steep slope can _____ the chances that mass wasting will occur. Removing ______ from a slope and using heavy ________ promote mass wasting

A

affect
vegetation
machines

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38
Q

A(n) _______ is a large mass of ice that formed on land and moves slowly across Earth’s surface

A

glacier

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39
Q

Glaciers form where the amount of snowfall is ______ than the amount of snow melt

A

greater

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40
Q

________ glaciers form in mountains

A

Alpine

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41
Q

_______ cover large areas of land and move outward from central locations

A

Ice Sheets

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42
Q

Glaciers cause _____ as they move, with rocks frozen in the ice, carving grooves in underlying surfaces of Earth. Glacial erosion can cause sharp rides called ______ and carve out U-shaped and hanging ______

A

erosion
arete
valleys

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43
Q

Glaciers _____ material when they melt, either when they flow downhill to warmer places or when the climate gets warmer

A

deposit

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44
Q

______ is a mixture of various sizes of sediment deposited by a glacier

A

Till

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45
Q

A mound or ridge of unsorted sediment deposited by a glacier is a(n) ______

A

moraine

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46
Q

_____ is layered sediment deposited by streams of water that flow from a melting glacier. It is mainly well-sorted ______ and gravel

A

Outwash

sand

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47
Q

______ is the gradual increase in Earth’s average temperature

A

global warming

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48
Q

______ activities contribute to global warming

A

human

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49
Q

Because of global warming, glaciers have been melting, which leads to a(n) ______ in sea level

A

increase

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50
Q

Destructive processes, such as _______ and _______, often produce tall, jagged landforms

A

weathering

erosion

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51
Q

Constructive processes, such as ______, often produce flat, low-lying landforms

A

deposition

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52
Q

_______ and wind are important agents of weathering, erosion, and deposition

A

Water

53
Q

The ______ of water movement and the depositional environment often affect the shape of landforms

A

speed

54
Q

The erosion produced by a stream depends on the stream’s _______

A

energy

55
Q

A young stream in a(n) _____ area has the most energy

A

steep, mountainous

56
Q

As a stream ______, it gets slower and develops curves

A

matures

57
Q

A(n) _______ is a broad C-shaped curve in a stream

A

meander

58
Q

A(n) _______ stream flows slowly when it reaches flat land.

A

old

59
Q

Currents and waves constantly cause _____ erosion.

A

coastal

60
Q

A(n) _____ flows parallel to a shoreline along the coast.

A

longshore

61
Q

A longshore current moves ______ and changes the size and shape of beaches

A

sediment

62
Q

Coastal erosion can be due to ______, which carve out caves, pillars, and arches in rock

A

waves

63
Q

Acidic water carves out spaces in underground rock, forming ______

A

caves

64
Q

Flowing water deposits ______as the water slows

A

sediment

65
Q

A stream slows when it reaches ____ land or a(n) _____ body of water

A

flat

large

66
Q

A(n) ______ is a large deposit of sediment that forms where a stream enters a large body of water

A

delta

67
Q

______ transport the sand along ocean coasts, depositing sand where currents are slower and have less ______

A

longshore currents

energy

68
Q

Structures in caves that form by deposition from cave ceilings and floors are _______ and ________

A

stalactites

stalagmites

69
Q

Damage caused by water erosion can be affected by the way people use ______

A

land

70
Q

To reduce beach erosion, people sometimes build retaining walls or _______, which trap sediments and reduce erosive effects of longshore currents

A

groins

71
Q

A(n) ______ is a wide, flat are next to a river that usually remains dry

A

floodplain

72
Q

A(n) _______- a long low ridge of soil along a river- can decrease flooding on a floodplain

A

levee

73
Q

_____ is the grinding away of rock or other surfaces as particles carried by wind, water, or ice scrape against them

A

Abrasion

74
Q

A(n) _______ is a pile of windblown sand

A

dune

75
Q

_____ is a crumbly, windblown deposit of silt and clay

A

loess

76
Q

People can ______ the effects of wind erosion by planting rows of trees at the edge of farm fields to slow wind

A

slow

77
Q

What are the different ways rock is weathered?

A

2 ways
Chemical weathering and mechanical weathering
Chemical can be caused by acid rain and water. Most minerals dissolve in water. Chemical weathering changes the composition of rocks. Acid forming chemicals are in the air and cause acid rain to happen. Oxidation also causes chemical weathering.
mechanical weathering when physical processes naturally break rocks into smaller pieces. intense temperature cause rocks to expand and crack. plant roots growing. animals burrowing.

78
Q

What are the causes of physical and chemical weathering?

A

Chemical weathering and physical weathering
Chemical can be caused by acid rain and water. Most minerals dissolve in water. Chemical weathering changes the composition of rocks. Acid forming chemicals are in the air and cause acid rain to happen. Oxidation also causes chemical weathering.
physical weathering when physical processes naturally break rocks into smaller pieces. intense temperature cause rocks to expand and crack. plant roots growing. animals burrowing.

79
Q

What are the causes of ice wedging?

A

When water gets in cracks in rocks and freezes it expands causing the crack in the rock to expand as well. when the ice melts a large crack is left.

80
Q

What are the causes of wind abrasion?

A

When rocks rub against each other and become rounded it is called abrasion. Abrasion is the grinding away of rock or other surfaces as particles carried by wind, water, or ice scrape against them.

81
Q

How does an alluvial fan form?

A

When a stream flows from a steep, narrow canyon onto a flat plain at the foot of a mountain it deposits sediment causing an alluvial fan to form.

82
Q

How does a sinkhole form?

A

When an underground cave forms the surface above it falls in causing a sinkhole to form.

83
Q

How does a continental glacier form?

A

Ice sheets only exist in Antarctica and Greenland today. Ice sheets cover large areas of land and move outward from central locations. Ice sheets form where there is more snowfall than snow melt.

84
Q

How does an alpine glacier form?

A

An alpine glaciers forms when there is more snow fall than snow melt. They form in mountains and flow downhill.

85
Q

What causes mass movements?

A

Gravity is the main cause of mass movements. When there is a steep hill that is wet, with loose soil, and little or no vegetation it is more likely that a mass movement will occur.

86
Q

What is a loess made from?

A

A loess is a crumbly, windblown deposit of silt and clay.

87
Q

What causes landfalls?

A

Landslides are caused by gravity and loose sediment and dirt. A landslide is the rapid downhill movement of soil, loose rocks, and boulders.

88
Q

What causes creep?

A

When material moves too slowly to be noticeable, causing trees and other objects to lean over, the event is called a creep.

89
Q

What causes rockfalls?

A

Rockfalls are caused by falling rock caused by gravity and unstable rock falling

90
Q

What are the different layers of soil horizons?

A

A Horizon- Contains organic matter from the decay of roots and the action of soil makes this horizon excellent for plant growth. Usually a darker color.
B Horizon- Made up of clay.
C Horizon- Made up of weathered parent material.
O Horizon-Top organic layer
R Horizon- Un-weathered bedrock

91
Q

How is humus formed?

A

When plant and animal matter decays humus forms

92
Q

How is pore space and porosity formed?

A

All rocks have pores. Pores are the spaces in the rock that the water flows through. Porosity is the measure of how much water flows through the pores.

93
Q

Define weathering

A

The mechanical and chemical processes that change objects on Earth’s surface over time

94
Q

Define mechanical weathering

A

When physical processes naturally break rocks into smaller pieces

95
Q

Define chemical weathering

A

Changes the materials that are part of a rock into new materials

96
Q

Define oxidation

A

Combines the element oxygen with other elements or molecules

97
Q

Define soil

A

a mixture of weathered rock, rock fragments, decayed organic matter, water, and air

98
Q

Define organic matter

A

the remains of something that was once alive

99
Q

Define pores

A

small holes and spaces in rocks

100
Q

Define decomposition

A

the process of changing once living material into dark colored organic matter

101
Q

Define inorganic

A

materials that have never been alive

102
Q

Define parent material

A

the starting material of soil

103
Q

Define climate

A

the average weather of an area

104
Q

Define topography

A

the shape and steepness of the landscape

105
Q

Define biota

A

all of the organisms that live in a region

106
Q

Define horizons

A

layers of soil formed from the movement of the products of weathering

107
Q

What are agents of weathering

A

water, wind, and ice

108
Q

what causes rate of weathering?

A

chemical makeup of rock

109
Q

Define erosion

A

the removal of weathered material from one location to another

110
Q

Define deposition

A

the laying down or settling of eroded material

111
Q

what is a depositional environment?

A

where sediment is deposited
high-energy quick
low-energy slow

112
Q

what are sediment beds?

A

sediment deposited in water typically form beds

113
Q

what type of landforms are formed by erosion?

A

tall and jagged such as hoodoos. (a.k.a. aliens)

114
Q

What type of landforms are formed by deposition?

A

flat and lowlying

115
Q

Define meander

A

A broad, C-shaped curve in a stream

116
Q

Define longshore current

A

a current that flows parallel to the shoreline

117
Q

Define delta

A

a large deposit of sediment that forms where a stream enters a large body of water

118
Q

what is a floodplain?

A

a large flat area next to a ricer

119
Q

Define abrasion

A

the grinding away of rock or other surfaces as particles carried by wind, water, or ice scrape against them

120
Q

Define dune

A

a large windblown pile of sand

121
Q

Define loess

A

a crumbly, windblown deposit of silt and clay

122
Q

Define mass wasting

A

the downhill movement of a large mass of rocks or soil because of the pull of gravity

123
Q

Define landslide

A

the rapid downhill movement of soil, loose rocks, and boulders

124
Q

Define talus

A

a pile of angular rocks and sediment from a rockfall

125
Q

Define glacier

A

a large mass of ice that formed on land and moves slowly across Earth’s surface

126
Q

Define till

A

a mixture of various sizes of sediment deposited by a glacier

127
Q

Define moraine

A

a mound or ridge of unsorted sediment deposited by a glacier

128
Q

Define outwash

A

layered sediment deposited by streams of water that flow from a melting glacier

129
Q

do we affect glaciers

A

yeah we contribute to global warming

Science Semester 2 (5 decks)

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