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Geography > Weather Hazards 2 > Flashcards

Weather Hazards 2 Flashcards

Tropical storms including Typhoon Haiyan case study.

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1
Q

Where do typhoons form?

A

The Northwest Pacific

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2
Q

Where do hurricanes form?

A

Northeast Pacific and North Atlantic

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3
Q

Where do cyclones form?

A

South Pacific and Indian Ocean

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4
Q

What are hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons?

A

Tropical storms (they’re all the same thing!)

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5
Q

What are tropical storms?

A

Low pressure weather systems with intense rainfall and winds.

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6
Q

What conditions are needed for tropical storms to form?

A

A latitude of between 5 and 30° N and S of the equator.

The sea temperatures must be at a minimum of 27°C.

The wind sheer (difference in wind speed) between higher and lower parts of the atmosphere must be low.

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7
Q

What is the first step in the formation of a tropical storm?

A

The warm surface water evaporates, rises, and condenses into clouds. This means that huge amounts of energy are released, which fuels powerful storms.

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8
Q

What is the second step in the formation of a tropical storm?

A

The rising air is drawn up quickly, which creates an area of low pressure, thus increases surface winds.

Low wind sheer prevents clouds from breaking up as they rise, so the storm stays intact.

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9
Q

What is the third step in the formation of a tropical storm?

A

Easterly winds near the equator move tropical storms towards the west.

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10
Q

What is the fourth step in the formation of a tropical storm?

A

Due to the Coriolis effect (the movement of winds in specific directions due to the earth’s rotation), the storm spins.

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11
Q

What is the fifth step in the formation of a tropical storm?

A

As the storm moves over oceans, energy from the warm water strengthens the storm.

This means that wind speed increases.

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12
Q

What is the sixth step in the formation of a tropical storm?

A

Storms will lose strength if they move over land or water cooler than 27°C, because the energy supply from the warm water would be cut off.

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13
Q

Within which months do the majority of tropical storms occur in the northern hemisphere?

A

August to October as this is when sea temps are highest.

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14
Q

Within which months do the majority of tropical storms occur in the southern hemisphere?

A

December to April as this is when sea temps are highest.

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15
Q

Which way do tropical storms spin in the northern hemisphere?

A

anticlockwise

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16
Q

Which way do tropical storms spin in the southern hemisphere?

A

clockwise

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17
Q

At what latitude is the Tropic of Capricorn?

A

23.5° south

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18
Q

At what latitude is the Tropic of Cancer?

A

23.5° north

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19
Q

Tropical storms are…

A

…circular in shape, hundreds of km wide, and usually last 7 to 14 days.

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20
Q

The eye

A

-The centre of a tropical storm
-Up to 50km across
-Caused by descending cold air, which means that there’s no clouds, and hence no rain.
-low pressure
-Winds are light
-Temperature is high
-Calmest part of a tropical storm

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21
Q

The eyewall

A

-Surrounds the eye
-There is spiralling air and very strong winds (up to 160km/hr)
-Storm clouds and torrential rain
-Precipitation and wind is greatest here
-Temperature is low

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22
Q

What happens as we near the edges of a tropical storm?

A

-Wind speed falls
-The clouds become smaller and more scattered
-The rain becomes less intense
-Temperature increases

23
Q

What are the features of a tropical storm?

A

-eye
-eyewall
-(tall) cumulus clouds
-rain band
-cool dry air descending
-warm moist air spiralling

24
Q

What does a rain band do?

A

Produces bursts of heavy rainfall and wind.

25
Q

What might change about tropical storms due to climate change?

A

-Their frequency
-Their distribution
-Their intensity

26
Q

Frequency

A

Oceans will stay at 27°C or higher for longer each year. This means that there’s a longer period over which tropical storms can form each year, which means that there may be more tropical storms occurring.

In the Atlantic, the number of major hurricanes has increased since 1970, and almost doubled in the years 2014-2018 from in 1970-1975.

27
Q

Distribution

A

As the average ocean temperature rises, more of the world’s oceans could be above 27°C.

This means that tropical storms could form in areas that haven’t experienced them before e.g. at higher latitudes.

28
Q

Intensity

A

Higher sea surface temperatures are likely to result in more evaporation and increased cloud formation.

This means that more energy would be released, which means that storms would become more powerful.

29
Q

How can we reduce the effect of tropical storms?

A

Prediction and monitoring
Planning
Protection

30
Q

How can we monitor and hence predict tropical storms?

A

Tropical storms can be monitored, for example using satellites or aircraft.

This means that technology can be used to calculate a storm’s predicted path, which means that people can know if it’s safe to stay in an area, or whether they’ll have to evacuate.

Any warning given would also allow time to protect homes and businesses.

31
Q

How can we plan (to reduce the effects of tropical storms)?

A

-Future developments can avoid high risk areas, (such as low-lying coastal zones)
-Emergency services can prepare for disasters by practising rescuing people from flooded areas
-Governments can plan evacuation routes to ensure people can get away quickly

32
Q

How can protection reduce the effects of tropical storms?

A

Buildings can be designed to withstand tropical storms, for example by building them on stilts (such as the e.g. cyclone shelter shown in figure…).

This means that they are protected from floodwater from the storm, which means that the cost of damage will be reduced.

Flood defences can be built along rivers (e.g. levees) and coasts (e.g. sea walls).

33
Q

Typhoon Haiyan date

A

The typhoon made landfall on the Philippines on the 8th November 2013.

34
Q

Name some of the worst affected areas by Typhoon Haiyan.

A

Tacloban
Cebu

(With up to 280mm of rainfall and wind speeds reaching a maximum of 195 miles per hour.)

35
Q

A storm surge with waves of up to ___m, combined with a ____ ____, meant that Tacloban was hit by waves of up to __m

A

2.3
high tide
5

36
Q

What is a storm surge?

A

A temporary rise in water level caused by wind pushing waves onshore.

37
Q

How many people killed Typhoon Haiyan?

A

≈6300

38
Q

How many homes severely damaged or destroyed?

A

Over 1 million

39
Q

How many left homeless Typhoon Haiyan?

A

1.9 million

40
Q

What did the strong winds damage? (primary effect, Typhoon Haiyan)

A

Electricity lines

41
Q

Salt water from the storm surge…

A

…contaminated water supplies.

42
Q

How many hectares of farmland flooded typhoon haiyan?

A

600,000

43
Q

Cost of damage Typhoon Haiyan

A

≈ $13 billion (US)

44
Q

Secondary effects Typhoon Haiyan

A

Flooding triggered several landslides, which blocked roads and delayed the arrival of aid.

5.6 million workers lost their jobs after businesses and agricultural land were destroyed.

The lack of clean water caused outbreaks of diseases such as dysentery.

45
Q

How many workers lost their jobs after businesses and agricultural land were destroyed? (secondary effect, Typhoon Haiyan)

A

5.6 million

46
Q

What did PAGASA do about Typhoon Haiyan? (immediate response)

A

PAGASA (The Philippines’ meteorological agency) broadcast warnings about the Typhoon 2 days before it made landfall.

This led to the evacuation of 800,000 residents before the storm.

Unfortunately, some of these people died when evacuation centres (like a stadium in Tacloban) flooded.

47
Q

The Philippines declared a…

A

…state of emergency, which led to many charities offering aid in the form of food, shelter, and clean water. (immediate response)

48
Q

Other immediate responses Typhoon Haiyan

A

Fishermen were warned not to go out to sea.

Plan International constructed pit latrines for 100 000 people to help prevent the spread of disease.

During the Typhoon, predicting the storm’s path helped authorities decide which areas needed to be evacuated.

49
Q

Other Long-term responses Typhoon Haiyan

A

-The UN appealed for over $300 million to help fund rebuilding and relief.

-Charities built new storm-resistant houses for those who lost their homes.

-Mangrove forests are being planted in the Philippines to act as a natural flood defence.

-After the Typhoon, volunteers started rescue simulations to better prepare for future storms.

50
Q

The Philippines’ tourism board…

A

…encouraged people to visit the country after the storm by emphasising that most areas were unaffected and that money from tourism would help with the rebuilding process.

51
Q

What percentage of Tacloban was destroyed?

A

90%

52
Q

UK flooding

A

Major flooding events have become more frequent over the past 10 years - December 2015 was the wettest month ever recorded, with severe flooding occurring in many areas of the UK at this time.

53
Q

UK temperatures (cold)

A

Seven of eleven of the UK’s coldest recorded temperatures have occurred since 1980, and December 2010 was the coldest month for over 100 years.

54
Q

Before the flood…

A

..individuals and organisations took action to limit its impacts.

Geography (15 decks)

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