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Geography > Urban issues and challenges > Flashcards

Urban issues and challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

Urbanisation

A

An increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas.

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2
Q

Population density

A

How crowded the people are that live in a certain area.

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3
Q

Urban areas

A

Towns or cities with a high population density.

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4
Q

Rural areas

A

Countryside locations with a low population density.

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5
Q

What percentage of the world’s population lives in urban areas?

A

≈ 55%

This is constantly increasing, and is projected to increase into the future.

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6
Q

HIC

A

High income country

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7
Q

LIC

A

Low income country

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8
Q

NEE

A

Newly emerging economy

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9
Q

What makes a country an HIC?

A

-If its more economically developed.

-Most have already experienced urbanisation.

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10
Q

Give an example of a HIC.

A

-UK

-Japan

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11
Q

What percentage of the population is urban in HICs? (part of urban trend)

A

≈ 80%

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12
Q

What percentage of the population is urban in LICs? (part of urban trend)

A

≈ 30%

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13
Q

What percentage of the population is urban in NEEs? (part of urban trend)

A

≈ 50%

Although for countries experiencing rapid urban growth, this figure can be much higher.

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14
Q

What makes a country an LIC?

A

-If it is less economically developed

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15
Q

Give an example of an LIC

A

-Ethiopia

-Afghanistan

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16
Q

Give an example of an NEE

A

-Brazil

-China

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17
Q

What makes a country an NEE?

A

-If economic development is increasing rapidly

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18
Q

Outline the global pattern of urban change.

A

-Today, the world population is around 8 million, but this is increasing.

-This increase is happening fastest in towns and cities.

-Today, all countries around the world are becoming more urban and less rural.

-This is happening faster in some countries than others.

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19
Q

Economic

A

Relating to trade, industry, finance.

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20
Q

Social

A

Relating to people and activities involving people.

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21
Q

Environmental

A

Relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on its condition.

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22
Q

What is the urban trend in HICs?

A

Many people in HICs leave urban areas for less crowded, rural areas.

They can do this because jobs, healthcare, and education are distributed more evenly.

This means that the rate of urbanisation in HICs is low and slowing down - usually under 1%.

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23
Q

What is the urban trend in LICs?

A

Most LICs have high rates of urbanisation - up to 6%.

However, this is relatively slow compared to NEEs.

24
Q

What is the urban trend in NEEs?

A

The rate of urbanisation is typically around 2%.

NEEs home the fastest growing urban populations.

25
Q

Name the factors affecting (increasing) the rate of urbanisation.

A

-urban to rural migration (the push/pull theory)

-natural increase

26
Q

What is rural to urban migration?

A

The movement of people from the countryside to cities.

27
Q

Give examples of environmental push factors (rural to urban migration)

A

-natural disasters

-desertification

28
Q

Give examples of economic pull factors (rural to urban migration)

A

-more jobs

-better paid jobs

29
Q

What is natural increase?

A

Population growth occurring because the birth rate is higher than the death rate in an area.

30
Q

What are high rates of urbanisation leading to?

A

The emergence of megacities.

31
Q

What is a megacity?

A

An urban area with more than 10 million residents.

32
Q

Give an example of a megacity

A

-Mumbai, in India

33
Q

Megacities statistics

A

-There were 34 megacities in 2020

-The vast majority are located in LICs and NEEs

-The number of megacities is expected to have increased to 48 by 2035

34
Q

By what year is it predicted that most people will be living in urban areas?

A

2050

35
Q

Where are the fastest growing collection of megacities globally?

A

LICs and NEES as they are urbanising rapidly.

36
Q

Why is there often a lower death rate in cities?

A

Healthcare is better and more readily available.

37
Q

Push factors

A

Negative features of a place that make people want to move away.

38
Q

Pull factors

A

Positive features of a place that make people want to move there.

39
Q

Give examples of social pull factors (rural to urban migration)

A

-access to better healthcare

-access to better education opportunities

-family members living in urban areas

-the chance of a better quality of life

40
Q

Give examples of economic push factors (rural to urban migration)

A

-mechanisation of agricultural equipment (things like combine harvesters)

41
Q

The mechanisation of farming equipment means that…

(social/economic push factor)

A

…less people are required to do manual labour on farms, which means that many are displaced from their jobs and need to find other work placements.

They are inclined to move to urban areas/the city because more job opportunities outside of the agricultural field are available here, often with better pay.

42
Q

In rural areas, desertification and soil erosion can lead to…

(social/environmental push factor)

A

…reduced crop yields because they make farming difficult.

Poor harvests can lead to malnutrition or famine which means that the death rate is often higher in rural areas where all food is sourced locally.

People may be inclined to move to urban areas/ the city for more food security.

43
Q

Drought and other climate hazards…

(economic/environmental push factor)

A

…reduce crop yields.

[Alongside famine] This means that farmers in rural areas lack income from their sector because they can’t sell as much produce as they’d like to, which disables a good quality of life.

Farmers may be inclined to move to the city to look for jobs with a more stable source of income (and even disposable income) to improve their quality of life.

44
Q

In rural areas, there are few doctors or hospitals. This means that…

(social push factor)

A

…it is more difficult for people to access proper medical care when it’s needed, which leads to more sickness and a higher mortality rate.

45
Q

Rural areas are restricted with poor road access. This means that…

(social push factor)

A

…it is difficult to import goods from elsewhere (like from urban areas), which means that people living in these areas likely have a poorer quality of life than those living in the city.

46
Q

There are more well-paid jobs in urban areas. This means that…

(social/economic pull factor)

A

…many people migrate to cities to earn a higher income, which consequently means that their quality of life can improve.

For example, earning well allows for a disposable income to spend on enjoyable activities such as entertainments or lunch out with family or friends.

Furthermore, the taxes they pay are likely to directly fund local services such as healthcare and education, benefiting them individually.

47
Q

A range of entertainments are available in urban areas/cities. This means that…

(social pull factor)

A

…people migrate here for more opportunities to enjoy themselves (than is available in rural areas).

This allows them to have a good and sustained quality of life.

48
Q

There is a greater chance of getting an education in…

(social pull factor)

A

…urban areas than in rural areas.

This means that more people will be able to read and write in urban areas, leading to a higher literacy rate.

Furthermore, people who are literate are more likely to be employed than those who aren’t, which results in more job security.

49
Q

In urban areas, there are better medical facilities with trained doctors, This means that…

(social pull factor)

A

…people here are far more likely to receive medical attention when it’s needed, which reduces the risk of sickness (and even death in emergencies).

Hence, the mortality rate is much lower in urban areas.

50
Q

Large companies base in urban areas/cities and offer skilled jobs. This means that…

(economic pull factor)

A

…individuals migrate to the city to work for these companies (which often pay at higher rates than for simpler jobs in rural areas like farming) meaning their quality of life can improve.

Furthermore, large companies require a large workforce, increasing people’s likelihood of being hired.

51
Q

Hoe do we calculate natural increase?

A

Birth rate of population - Death rate of population.

52
Q

In 1978, what percentage of China’s population lived in cities?

A

18%

53
Q

In 2018, what percentage of China’s population lived in cities?

A

59%

54
Q

When did urbanisation start in the UK?

A

The early 1800s.

By 1851, about 2/5 of the population lived in towns and cities.

55
Q

Name two features of urbanisation

A

-A mixture of land uses

-Established infrastructures

56
Q

Civil wars, like the Syrian Civil War, can…

A

…force people to leave a place.

57
Q

Give examples of environmental push factors (rural to urban migration)

A

-Land becoming uninhabitable due to processes like desertification

-People’s homes and jobs destroyed by a natural disaster

Geography (19 decks)

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