Economic World 2 - Nigeria Flashcards

Question

Uneven development in Nigeria (industrial structure)

Answer 1

There is regional inequality between the N & S. "The combined wealth of Nigeria's 5 richest men could end poverty on a national level" - Oxfam, 2017 Yet 112 million people live below subsistence level (with 5 million starving).

Answer 2

-Chemical by-products from oil processing have led to the growth of chemical industries. -New industries developed in the Lekki Free Trade zone to supply parts for existing industries. (adding to the current 100,000 jobs) -Jobs and taxes provided by these industries are helping the country to develop. -Regular paid work = securer income = increase in purchasing of products such as electrical appliances, cars, and clothes. (multiplier)

Answer 3

textiles leather items soaps and detergents processed food

Answer 4

Its dependence on exporting raw materials (palm oil, crude oil from the Niger Delta - 1930s). Processing was mainly done abroad. BUT with its rapidly growing home market, cheap labour force and improving infrastructure, the sector is expected to grow and become more diverse.

Answer 5

An increase in one type of economic activity in a given city or region prompts an increase in demands for goods and services. This then triggers the development of other types of economic activity in the same city/region.

Answer 6

...there has been rapid growth in manufacturing industries. This has brought more money into Nigeria because processed goods sell for more money. This has helped to achieve a positive balance of trade. (more exports than imports=profit) There's also been rapid growth in tertiary industries like banking and retail.

Answer 7

-Outside Lagos -The normal rules of trade don't exist here -This has attracted manufacturers of steel pipes and trucks to hair accessories -The zone is in partnership with a group of Chinese companies

Answer 8

Mexico Indonesia Türkiye NIGERIA

Answer 9

The control of less developed countries through indirect means such as economics and trade.

Answer 10

A TNC is a company that operates in two or more countries.

Answer 11

-To provide employment opportunities = higher wages for local people = more disposable income = positive multiplier effect -To provide training opportunities - increasing expertise -To introduce new technology

Answer 12

-Cheaper labour/building -Natural resources -Weak environmental law enforcement

Answer 13

The exploitation of natural resources by TNCs.

Answer 14

20 including some of the country's own industries (oil, gas)

Answer 15

-The large market on offer -Lower labour costs

Answer 16

-A UK-Dutch company, operates around the world -Primary (oil extracted), Secondary (oil refined), and tertiary (oil sold e.g. at garages) -Located in the Niger Delta region, Nigeria -Produces ≈ 21% of Nigeria's total petroleum production (from crude oil)

Answer 17

Profit made from oil exports will go to Shell rather than the host country, Nigeria (profit repatriation). This means that no money is made for investment in healthcare/infrastructure. Exploitation of workers.

Answer 18

An estimated 40 million litres of oil are spilled in the Niger Delta annually. This means that the delta is contaminated, killing fish and preventing the growth of crops. Which has destroyed many fishing and farming livelihoods. (you could also mention the Bodo oil spills)

Answer 19

Locals don't have the skills or technology to extract large quantities of oil from the Niger Delta, but the TNC Shell does. This allows oil industries to uprise, which generates jobs. This means that the government will get more taxes, which means more money can be invested into schools and hospitals. Increased disposable income created a positive multiplier effect by allowing other services to grow ( =economic growth).

Answer 20

An area of alluvium at the mouth of a river when it slits up into distributaries.

Answer 21

-Part of the British empire until 1960 -Now a member of the British commonwealth, with equal status to and connections with other countries involved (includes the UK)

Answer 22

-Part of OPEC, an trade organisation run by 12 members who control the oil market -Hence, Nigeria have input in stabilising the price of the oil and ensuring a regular supply -As part of the UN, Nigeria is involved in peace making - it contributed the 5th largest number of troops to the UN peacekeeping force in 2013

Answer 23

-Britain traded enslaved Africans, taking them to work in America and the Caribbean -Following the abolition of slavery in 1807, the trade turned to palm oil -Between 1807 and independence in the 1960s, the trade relationship changed into one where raw materials were imported to Britain then Nigeria imported the manufactured goods

Answer 24

-China is now Nigeria's leading import partner, with 31.5% of Nigeria's imports from China -China has also invested heavily in Nigeria e.g. in the construction of a 1400km railway ($12 billion) -China benefits from the relationship, receiving oil from Nigeria which is in high demand

Answer 25

-Exporting oil has allowed for trading links with the world's largest economies including the USA, India -The USA was Nigeria's biggest customer until 2013 -The highest demand is now from India

Answer 26

Assistance or resources given to other countries to help reduce the development gap (including advice, technology, food, and money).

Answer 27

Prevents deaths and injuries but is only provided for the duration of the emergency

Answer 28

-The country can grow economically -Resources provided can raise people out of poverty -However, the changes may not be appropriate for the country to sustain

Answer 29

The government can use foreign investment to pay for improvements to infrastructure and services. But if corrupt, money may be diverted elsewhere e.g. the military, to bolster arms in the country. Bilateral aid is sometimes conditional (or 'tied'), requiring the receiving country to purchase goods from the donor country.

Answer 30

The international organisation funds improvements to healthcare etc - unconditionally! But unless supported by other types of aid, this isn't sustainable as the country may become dependent.

Answer 31

Assistance given by a government directly to the government of another country.

Answer 32

Richer governments give money to an international organisation such as the World Bank, which then redistributes the money as aid to poorer countries.

Answer 33

NGOs such as Oxfam provide bottom-up schemes. Small and community- based projects are the most successful as intermediate technology teaches people to look after themself, preventing reliance on international aid.

Answer 34

Despite economic growth, Nigeria still requires targeted aid to address poverty and development challenges, particularly in the north-east region.

Answer 35

Nigeria used to be the largest recipient of UK aid, with over £300 million given directly to the government. Aid from the USA has helped to educate and protect people against the spread of HIV (which can develop into AIDS). This has improved people's hygiene which has resulted in less sickness.

Answer 36

In 2014, the World Bank (the main donor of multilateral aid) gave $500 million to Nigeria to fund development projects and provide long-term loans to businesses. This reduced Nigeria's reliance on oil exports. Which means that fluctuations in the price of oil have less of an impact on the stability of the country's economy. However, this doesn't address the needs of people whose employment levels ARE affected by fluctuations in the price of oil: they don't gain control of the market and still receive an unstable income.

Answer 37

In 2010, the World Bank funded the building of a new health clinic in the community of Aduwan, Nigeria. This meant that locals (particularly women) could learn about good hygiene practices and receive immunisations. Which has resulted in less sickness (for all the family-associations, reduction in infant mortality).

Answer 38

-Corrupt government = aid money misused -Dependence on aid = slowed economic growth (This is why aid from governments is less successful than aid delivered directly to communities - bottom-up).

Answer 39

-Bilateral -Multilateral -Charitable -(Emergency) -(Long term/developmental)

Answer 40

Mining & oil extraction Oil spills Urban Developments Deforestation

Answer 41

Up to 80% of Nigeria's forests have been destroyed to make room for settlements and large-scale plantations. This has led to increased soil erosion and the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Plantations are mostly monoculture, reducing biodiversity.

Answer 42

A build up of silt in rivers.

Answer 43

-Loss of countryside to squatter settlements (tightly compacted) and industry -Water pollution from inadequate sanitation and increased industrial waste - no waste collection in slums -Increased air pollution and greenhouse gases from growing traffic, especially in Lagos

Answer 44

100 000 This is bad because growth is fast and unregulated. Hence these aren't monitored for emissions or the release of harmful chemicals into watercourses.

Answer 45

Massive oil spills in the Niger Delta, particularly at Bodo Contamination of farmland and water tables through the release of toxic chemicals like selenium and mercury. Air pollution from burning gases during oil extraction. Respiratory problems or (lead) poisoning for local residents.

Answer 46

In 2008 & 2009 11 million gallons of oil were spilt over an area of 20km²

Answer 47

Shell took responsibility in 2015, paying £55 million in compensation.

Answer 48

Mining has caused soil erosion and water pollution. Deforestation has been needed to clear land.

Answer 49

Eh. Despite huge investment from TNCs and governments such as China, almost 2/3 of Nigerians still live in absolute poverty (veryyy low incomes) And despite the clear improvements, some regions still have limited access to services such as safe water, sanitation, and reliable electricity.

Answer 50

A set standard in all countries of what's considered poor. Usually people living on less than $2 a day.

Answer 51

North = Some states here have over 80% in absolute poverty, low health and literacy rates South = wealthier, better healthcare, higher secondary school attendance

Answer 52

The north of Nigeria is significantly less developed than the south.

Answer 53

-Increased literacy rate -Decreased child mortality rate (U5s) -Increased life expectancy -Etc.

Answer 54

0.467 in 2015 to 0.535 in 2021 This reflects improvements in wealth, health, and education. But ranks them lowwww compared to other countries.

Answer 55

1981 - 41 years 2013 - 52.5 years Due to better access to medicines and more educated doctors.

Answer 56

1981 to 2015

Answer 57

2003 to 2013 - education of women - if they can work this doubles GDP- elevating their status helps development

Answer 58

55% in 1991 to 59% in 2015

Answer 59

It's difficult to provide a service that isn't needed. In Nigeria, 48% had access to electricity in 2010 and 55% in 2012.

Answer 60

Questions like: evaluate to what extent economic development has improved the quality of life in a LIC or NEE country you have studied. [9]

Economic World 2 - Nigeria Flashcards

(87 cards)