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higher modern studies > Wealth inequalities > Flashcards

Wealth inequalities Flashcards

1
Q

What are universal benefits?

A

Are paid to everyone regardless of how much they earn.

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2
Q

What is an example of universal benefits?

A

The old age pension

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3
Q

What are means-tested benefits?

A

Are used to ‘top-up’ the income of those earning below a certain amount and dependent upon their circumstances.

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4
Q

What is an example of means tested benefits?

A

tax credits and free school meals

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5
Q

When someone is described as being poor, what does this usually mean?

A

The poor, defined as those with less than 60% of median (average) earnings, and have to get by on less than 350 pound a week.

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6
Q

What is seen as the average earning per year, also seen as the largest class in society?

A

£26,500 a year, £510 a week

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7
Q

The rich class can be seen to earn how much per week?

A

just over £2000 a week

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8
Q

When does UNICEF describe someone to be living in poverty?

A

if they are deprived of two or more of seven basic needs : clean water, sanitation, education, information, food and health.

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9
Q

How many people in Britain aged over 16 cannot afford adequate housing conditions?

A

people aged over 16 13 million people, this is a heavy increase from 1999.

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10
Q

How many adults in Britain are not properly fed by today’s standards?

A

Around 4 million adults are not properly fed by today’s standards.

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11
Q

Currently, how many adults go without some essential aspects of clothing due to money?

A

just less than 6 million

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12
Q

What is the poverty line for a couple with two children?

A

£40,000

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13
Q

What is the poverty line for a single person?

A

£17,000

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14
Q

When is income support paid to people?

A

This is paid to people in the UK, who are not working and who do not have to attend a job centre reguarly.

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15
Q

Groups in society who are the most poor, and what percentage they bring to the poor in society?

A

pensioners - 17%
children - 27%
Working age adults with no children - 36%
working age adults with children- 36%

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16
Q

Who is more likely to find themselves in poverty, single parent families or couple parent families?

A

Single/lone parent families.

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17
Q

Which gender has a lower income?

A

Generally, women have a lower income than men.

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18
Q

Why are women more likely to be living in poverty?

A

Women who are single parents are likely to leave their jobs full time and become a full time carer for their child. They are also seen as being more stereotypically carers of society and may begin to care for elders. `

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19
Q

The UK is the worlds what biggest economy?

A

6th biggest economy

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20
Q

How many people in the UK live below the poverty line?

A

1 in 5 people in the UK live below the poverty line

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21
Q

What is the ratio between the amount of whites in Britain being poor to other ethnic minorities?

A

20% of white people are poor compared with 63% of pakastani and bangladeshi people

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22
Q

How many children in the UK are seen to be living in relative poverty?

A

3.6 million

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23
Q

What is the average house price in the UK?

A

£171,000

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24
Q

Those living in social may not have enough money for what?

A

special celebrations such as birthdays, for toys and books for children and clothes for winter to keep them warm.

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25
Q

Which kind of people are more likely to suffer from social exclusion?

A

People who are living in poverty and earning a lower incomes, having a poor health and a poor income.

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26
Q

Where about in scotland is their a poor income in rural areas?

A

The borders

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27
Q

Where in Scotland is there the highest crime rate?

A

Glasgow city, followed by Dundee city

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28
Q

Which city has a high life expectancy?

A

Aberdeenshire

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29
Q

What are the main causes of poverty in the UK?

A
  • government policies
  • unemployment
  • low- income employment
  • age
  • gender
  • race
  • geography
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30
Q

How can the government have an effect on poverty within the UK?

A

Through taxation and party policy

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31
Q

Direct taxes in the UK are what than almost every other country in Europe?

A

Are lower than nearly every country in Europe

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32
Q

On average, UK employees pay what percentage of their income in tax and national insurance? and what is this compared with other countries?

A

The UK pay 25% compared to Germany who pay 42%

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33
Q

VAT rose from 8% to what during 1979 to 2010?

A

20%

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34
Q

What did labour briefly reduce VAT to?

A

15%

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35
Q

When Labour was elected in 1997 (Tony Blair) what did they sought to do?

A

Get people off welfare benefits and get them back into work. This was part of the ‘Welfare to Work’ programme which sought to create a significant difference in the incomes of those who were on benefits and those who were in work, in order to encourage those who were claiming benefits back into work.

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36
Q

To make working more attractive for those claiming benefits what did labour introduce after 1997 (Tony Blair)

A

National Minimum Wage, Working Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit

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37
Q

Who became president in 1997?

A

Tony Blair, for the Labour party

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38
Q

What is another way of calling someone unemployed?`

A

economically inactive

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39
Q

In 2015, between the period of August and October, how many people were unemployed?

A

Fell from 110,000 to 1.71 million

40
Q

What are economic reasons for unemployment?

A
  • structural change
  • technological change
  • government policy
  • foreign competition
  • world trade cycle
41
Q

What is a personal reason for being unemployed?

A

Education and lifestyle

42
Q

When does structural change occur?

A

when sections of the economy become less/more important and jobs are lost/gained

43
Q

What is an example of a technological change, that can cause unemployment?

A

when a bank closes down or replaces counter staff with cash dispensers, when people begin to use mobile or online banking and there is no longer such a need for these jobs.

44
Q

What the government decides to do with taxes affects what?

A

affects the amount of money in your pocket which affects how much you spend

45
Q

What was good about the decision from the government to upgrade the m74 motorway across the Glasgows south side at a cost of £500 million?

A

It generated jobs in motorway construction in the region, which allowed to get people back into work and gave them life experience, which would have resulted in a way of helping them out of the poverty cycle

46
Q

How can forgein competition cause unemployment?

A

When forgein countries manufacture products that are more reliable and cheaper than those made in the UK.

47
Q

How can a persons lifestyle play such a large part in whether or not they are unemployed?

A

Drug and alcohol misuse can affect ability to work and can lead to someone being unemployed.

48
Q

How high up is scotland in world ranking of obesity?

A

2nd in the world behind the USA

49
Q

What health problems can obesity lead to?

A

high blood pressure, coronary heart disease and diabetes.

50
Q

What kind of things can risk poverty? ( to do with low - income employment)

A

low wages, part time working and not having two adults working in a household all increase the risk of poverty.

51
Q

How much less do the best paid women earn from the best paid men?

A

20% less

52
Q

How much less do the worst paid women get paid than the worst paid men?

A

10% less

53
Q

Which gender has the highest paid hourly earnings in every occupation?

A

Men

54
Q

Which jobs are seen to be notoriously low-paid jobs?

A

wholesale retail, hotel and restaurant sectors of economy

55
Q

In Scotland, where are the four areas with the lowest paid jobs?

A

The Scottish borders, Moray West Dumbartonshire and Dumfries and Galloway

56
Q

Where in Scotland have the highest earning jobs?

A

East Lothian, Aberdeenshire, Edinburgh and South ayrshire.

57
Q

What is a problem with the 50% of employees who have incomes that are below average and do not contribute to a non-state pension?

A

This means their low-income status will continue into their retirement and will make sure that the poverty they face during their working lives will continue into their later years. Low pay usually means for life.

58
Q

What is a womens traditional role?

A

a carer

59
Q

Who forms the majority of lone parents and pensioners?

A

Women

60
Q

What does the phrase ‘glass ceiling’ mean?

A

Glass ceiling is a phrase that describes the fact that women could not progress to the top levels in business and public life, despite them being visible and apparently accessible.

61
Q

What are the two main reasons for the lack of women in senior posts?

A
  1. the role that women are expected to play in society

2. discrimination by the male-dominated decision makers

62
Q

There has been some small improvements in society in the way women are looked upon, and how high up they’re in their job. Give examples?

A

Each of Scotland’s three major political parties are led by women, as well as the Guardian newspaper being led by a female editor since 2015.

63
Q

What percentage of single parents are mothers?

A

92%

64
Q

What are two age groups likely to suffer from poverty?

A

The young and the elderly

65
Q

The proportion of children living in poverty in the past generation has what?

A

Doubled

66
Q

How many of the 3.6 million children living in relative poverty in the UK are living in severe poverty?

A

1.7 million of these children are living in severe poverty.

67
Q

Families living in poverty need to be able to survive on how little per person per day?

A

£13, to cover everything from food and heating to clothing and transport

68
Q

What percentage of children go without the meals or toys or clothes that they need?`

A

33% (1 third)

69
Q

There are also long-term effects of being brought up in poverty. As an adult you are?

A
  • more likely to suffer ill health, be unemployed or homeless
  • more likely to become involved in alcohol or drug misuse and offending
  • more likely to become involved in abusive relationships
70
Q

How many pensioners are seen to be living in poverty in the UK?

A

2.5 million

71
Q

How much money does a pensioner need per week for basic requirements?

A

£190 therefore, the state pension of £115 a week is insufficient

72
Q

Are all ethnic groups likely to be on a lower income than whites?

A

Yes

73
Q

What ethnic groups are the poorest in the UK?

A

Pakastanis and Bangladeshi

74
Q

Which ethnic group has very close earnings to whites?

A

Indians

75
Q

Why is there such high levels of unemployment for pakastanis and bangladeshis?

A

This is caused because of high levels of unemployment among all men. Large size families. Low levels of economic activity among women.

76
Q

Which ethnic groups suffer a lack of education compared to whites?

A

Bangladeshis, blacks and Pakastanis have significantly lower education attainment than whites. But chinese and indians have higher

77
Q

Which ethnic group is more likely to own their own home compared to whites?

A

Indians

78
Q

Although London is the richest part of the UK, how many poor boroughs does it have?

A

London has 6 of the poorest boroughs in the UK

79
Q

What are current measurements taken to increase levels of employment?

A
  • universal credit
  • work for yourself
  • work clubs
  • national minimum wage
  • childcare and tax credits
  • modern apprenticeships
80
Q

What is universal credit?

A

Is a new benefit that has started instead to replace 6 existing benefits, with a monthly payment into your account.

81
Q

When did universal credit begin to become introduced?

A

April 2013

82
Q

What will the universal credit eventually replace?

A 
income-based jobseekers allowance
income related employment and support allowance
income support
working tax credit
child tax credit 
housing benefit
83
Q

What is the national minimum wage for all age groups?

A

25+ = 7.50
21-24 = 7.05
18 to 20 = 5.60
under 18 = 4.05

84
Q

What is the national minimum wage encouraged to do?

A

is designed to encourage more workers to find jobs because it will be a better financial option than remaining on benefits

85
Q

What does JSA stand for?

A

Job seekers allowance

86
Q

What does the government say about free schools?

A

Gives parents and teachers the chance to create a new school if they are unhappy with state schools in their local area

87
Q

When is a job seekers allowance given over?

A

JSA is paid to unemployed people who are actively seeking work, not in full time education and between 18 and retirement age.

88
Q

What is another way that you would be able to seek job seekers allowance?

A

You can recieve JSA if you and/r your partner work less than 24 hours per week

89
Q

Before someone can seek job seekers allowance what must they do?

A

They must go to an interview. At this interview a job seekers agreement will be made and signed.

90
Q

Who is income support available to?

A

To those bwteen 16 and retirement age who are not working and not seeking work because they are a carer, lone parent with a child under 5 years or long term sick/disables so unable to work.

91
Q

What is bedroom tax?

A

Housing benefits can cover all or part of an individuals rent, but will not cover heating or other costs. However, the amount received will be reduced if the property has an empty bedroom. This is known to us as bedroom tax

92
Q

What age do you have to be over to get a free TV license?

A

Everyone over the age f 75 gets a free TV license.

93
Q

What are two types of universal benefits?

A

Child benefits and pension

94
Q

How is child benefits worked out and paid?

A

Child benefits is a four weekly payment to anyone with a child under the age of 16, but only one person can gey child benefits for the child.

95
Q

What salary may have you paying tax on your child benefits?

A

earning over 50,000 a year they may have to pay a tax charge on their child benefit

96
Q

When is a pension paid out?

A

The basic state pension is a regular payment from the government that you can get when you reach state pension age, which is currently 66 but can change or increase depending on when an individual is born.

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