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higher modern studies > Prelim 2018 - USA (inequalities) > Flashcards

Prelim 2018 - USA (inequalities) Flashcards

1
Q

If asked in the exam about inequalities between different ethnic groups, what would you talk about?

A
  • income and unemployment
  • Education
  • crime and justice
  • health
  • housing
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2
Q

Which two ethnic groups earn less than whites in the USA?

A

Blacks and Hispanics

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3
Q

Which ethnic group can earn the same or sometimes more than whites in the USA?

A

Asians

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4
Q

Why might blacks and Hispanics earn less than whites?

A

Because they are trapped in something known as the ‘poverty cycle’. Where the area that they live in prevents them having access to a quality education, high paying jobs, encouraging peer groups and so on. This environment is extremely hard to break put of.

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5
Q

Which areas is the poverty cycle more visible?

A

Inner-city areas

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6
Q

What is the ‘white flight’?

A

White people were the ethnic group which could afford to move from the inner city to the suburbs, taking their much needed cash and taxes and leaving behind other ethnicities.

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7
Q

What is the average income for asians?

A

68,000

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8
Q

What is the average income for whites?

A

57,000

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9
Q

What is the average income for Hispanics?

A

39,000

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10
Q

What is the average income for Blacks?

A

33,000

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11
Q

What was the unemployment figures for 2014 for Hispanics?

A

8.6%

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12
Q

What was the unemployment figures for 2014 for Blacks?

A

12.2%

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13
Q

What was the unemployment figures for 2014 for Whites?

A

6.1%

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14
Q

What was the unemployment figures for 2014 for Asians?

A

5.4%

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15
Q

What was a Government response to income inequality in the USA?

A

TANF

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16
Q

What does TANF stand for?

A

Temporary assistance for needy families

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17
Q

What is TANF?

A

Money is given to those who are out of work and have dependent children. The primary goal of this aid is to get the recipient off of ‘wellfare payments’ and back into employment.

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18
Q

What is the typical maximum single period that one can receive TANF?

A

24 months

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19
Q

What is the maxim um time you can claim TANF across and entire lifetime?

A

60 months

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20
Q

What was the success of TANF (government response to income inequality)

A

From its introduction in 1996, until the recession in 2008, the number of people claiming TANF fell every year, from around 10 million claimants in 1997 to around 3.79 million in 2008.

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21
Q

What happened to the amount of people claiming TANF after the recession in 2008?

A

There was an increase again of the amount of people claiming TANF, however, this gradually began to drop again, allowing us to see that TANF helped millions of Americans, particuarly lone-parents, back into work and off the need for well fare.

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22
Q

One was one failure of TANF?

A

TANF had actually increased poverty levels for some families and because it is only temporary and families have to find work under the arrangements, some have to take jobs which pay very poorly, which leaves them with less money. Some parents have to work 2 or 3 jobs to make ends meet, which is not good for family life.

23
Q

Which ethnic groups lost their jobs at a much higher rate that whites during the recession?

A

Blacks and Hispanics.

24
Q

What year was the JOBS act brought in?

A

2011

25
Q

How did the JOBS act help teachers?

A

Prevented 280,000 teachers from losing their jobs.

26
Q

What is the first inequality to do with education in the USA?

A
  1. Numbers of ethnic minorities in higher education (university) is far lower as a percentage than whites.
27
Q

What is the second inequality to do with education in the USA?

A

Children from poorer backgrounds and certain ethnic minorities do much worse in school than others.

28
Q

What is Affirmative Action?

A

Beginning in the 1960s with president kennedy, positive steps would be taken to actively encourage underrepresented groups into universities, particuarly blacks and Hispanics. To this day, universities in the USA have targets and quotas for a minimum number of ethnic minority students in many of their courses.

29
Q

The state of Texas does not have the affirmative action plan anymore, what does it have instead?

A

Replaced this with a percentage plan that guarantees the top 10% of high-school graduates a place in any state university in Texas. California and Florida have similar programs.

30
Q

What does SOAR stand for?

A

Scholarships for Opportunity and Results

31
Q

What does SOAR provide?

A

SOAR provides scholarship to children from underprivilleged backgrounds to attend private schools up to ($8000 for lower school and $12,000 for high school. )

32
Q

What was the success of affirmative action, helping inequality in education?

A

Affirmative action has resulted in doubling or tripling the number of minority applicants to colleges or universities, and have made colleges and universities more representative of their surrounding community. Graduates who benefited from affirmative action said they received better jobs, more money and ultimately are living better lives because of the opportunity they received.

33
Q

What do statistics show about after Califronia abolished its affirmative action back in 1998?

A

the minority student admissions at UC Berkeley fell 61%, and minority admissions at UCLA fell by 36%.

34
Q

What was the success of SOAR?

A

In 2010, a controlled study of effects of the scholarship vouchers had found that 91% of students who used the voucher graduated from high school, compared to only 70% of students coming from similar background but didn’t receive the voucher. Over 90% of the study’s participants were African American, and most of the remainder were Hispanics. Further studies show that students who received vouchers were 25% more likely to enroll in college that students with similar demographic characteristics who did not receive vouchers.

35
Q

What was a limitation of Affirmative Action?

A

Some argue that it is out dated. Which causes a form of reverse discrimination by favoring one group over another, based on racial preference rather than academic achievement. Further, there is the concern that minority groups may be stigmatized and treated differently by peers and professors who may believe that the success of minority groups in higher education institutes is unearned.

36
Q

States with higher incomes do better in what subjects?

A

Science and Maths.

37
Q

What is an inequality in violent crime in the USA?

A

Certain groups in the USA are more likely to be involved in violent crime. For example, African Americans are much more likely to be arrested for murder or be a victim of murder.

38
Q

Violent crime statistics with african americans?

A
  • 36% of people arrested for murders were African Americans compared to just 13% of the population.
  • 47% of all murder victims in 2008 were african americans
39
Q

Blacks make up what percentage of the prison population in America?

A

40% but they are only 13% of the US population.

40
Q

What is the american healthcare system like compared to the UK’s?

A

The American healthcare system is run by private companies on a system of private health insurance, unlike the UK which has a taxpayer funded system free to those in need of a service.

41
Q

What is an inequality of health care in the US?

A

For those who have the money to be able to afford the right care and treatment the care is of a high quality. The problem is that for many American’s they are un able to afford health insurance. Due to their lower social and economic status, ethnic minorities are much more likely thank whites to be in the uninsured category, and so suffer more medical complications and illnesses.

42
Q

What are the current levels of uninsured health care in the US?

A
  • Blacks 20%
  • Hispanics 34%
  • Asians 16%
  • Whites 10%
43
Q

What did ‘Obamacare’ aim to ensure?

A

That every american has health insurance. An estimated 32 million uninsured Americans were able to afford health care for the first time thanks to this government policy.

44
Q

How many uninsured Americans were able to have health care for the first time due to ‘Obamacare’?

A

32 million.

45
Q

How are Blacks, Hispanics and Native Americans suffer healthcare problems more than whites?

A
  • The maternal morality rate for black women is almost five times as high as that of a white women
  • Among adults, death rates for black americans are approx 55% higher than they are for white people.
  • Hispanics are more likely to be employed in high risk occupations so suffer from ill - health.
  • Native american rates of sudden infant death syndrome are twice the US average.
46
Q

What is Obamacare also known as?

A

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

47
Q

What did medicare do? (government response)

A

Elderly americans over the age of 65 who have worked and paid tax can apply to be on medicare system. This will help pay for hospital and doctors bills, as well as many prescription drugs.

48
Q

Who is medicare funded by?

A

The Federal Government

49
Q

What is Medicaid? ( government response )

A

This is funded partly by the federal government and partly by states, acting as a type of government funded health insurance policy for poor families. it is means-tested, however, and so not all of those living in poverty will qualify . Some of those living in poverty who do not qualify may have children or disabilities.

50
Q

opposition to obamacare?

A

Republicans said the law imposes too many costs on business, with many describing it as a ‘job killer’. They also decried it as a unwarranted intrusion into the affairs of private businesses and individuals. trumpcare now and the republican congress are trying to construct and replace obama care with trumpcare.

51
Q

percentages of home ownership in the USA?

A
  • white 74.9%
  • asian 59.1%
  • Hispanic 48.9%
  • African American 47.5%
52
Q

Inequalities in housing in the USA?

A

The recession is 2008 led to many people losing their home, as well as banks becoming more stringent as to who they would let qualify fir a mortgage. These factors affected blacks and hispanics more than other racial groups and in turn helped to increase the inequality gap.

53
Q

What was a government response to housing inequalities?

A

Housing and Economic Recovery Act- The government gave $300 billion available to give to homeowners who were hit badly during the recession and were in danger of losing their home. It also helped the first time buyers get a mortgage if they did not have their own financial capabilities to do so.

higher modern studies (12 decks)

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